{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:44:14Z","timestamp":1781797454078,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Sen. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We present hardware\/software techniques to intelligently regulate supply voltage and clock frequency of intermittently computing devices. These devices rely on ambient energy harvesting to power their operation and small capacitors as energy buffers. Statically setting their clock frequency fails to capture the unique relations these devices expose between capacitor voltage, energy efficiency at a given operating frequency, and the corresponding operating range. Existing dynamic voltage and frequency scaling techniques are also largely inapplicable due to extreme energy scarcity and peculiar hardware features. We introduce two hardware\/software co-designs that accommodate the distinct hardware features and function within a constrained energy envelope, offering varied tradeoffs and functionalities. Our experimental evaluation combines tests on custom-manufactured hardware and detailed emulation experiments. The data gathered indicate that our approaches result in up to 3.75\u00d7 reduced energy consumption and 12\u00d7 swifter execution times compared to the considered baselines, all while utilizing smaller capacitors to accomplish identical workloads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3714470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T11:46:25Z","timestamp":1737719185000},"page":"1-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling for Intermittent Computing"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5089-8256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Maioli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0031-8395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin Alessandro","family":"Quinones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0341-2997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3112-0374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Hamad","family":"Alizai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4560-9541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Mottola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy and Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Ransford. 2011. RF energy traces used in Mementos. Retrieved from https:\/\/github.com\/ransford\/mspsim\/tree\/mementos\/traces","DOI":"10.1145\/1950365.1950386"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3384419.3430722"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks (EWSN\u201920)","author":"Ahmed S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"S. Ahmed, Q. Ain, J. H. Siddiqui, L. Mottola, and M. H. Alizai. 2020. Intermittent computing with dynamic voltage and frequency scaling. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks (EWSN\u201920)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3316482.3326348"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3316482.3326357"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","article-title":"A survey on program-state retention for transiently-powered systems","author":"Ahmed S.","year":"2021","unstructured":"S. Ahmed, N. A. Bhatti, M. Brachmann, and M. H. Alizai. 2021. A survey on program-state retention for transiently-powered systems. J. Syst. Archit. 115 (2021), 102013.","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3624718"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the TENCON Conference","author":"Antonio R.","year":"2017","unstructured":"R. Antonio, R. Costa, A. Ison, W. Lim, R. Pajado, D. Roque, R. Yutuc, C. Densing, M. T. de Leon, M. Rosales, and L. Alarcon. 2017. Implementation of dynamic voltage frequency scaling on a processor for wireless sensing applications. In Proceedings of the TENCON Conference."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","article-title":"RESTOP: Retaining external peripheral state in intermittently-powered sensor systems","author":"Arreola A. R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"A. R. Arreola, D. Balsamo, G. V. Merrett, and A. S. Weddell. 2018. RESTOP: Retaining external peripheral state in intermittently-powered sensor systems. Sensors 18, 1 (2018), 1424\u20138220.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2016.2527713","article-title":"Graceful performance modulation for power-neutral transient computing systems","author":"Balsamo D.","year":"2016","unstructured":"D. Balsamo, A. Das, A. S. Weddell, D. Brunelli, B. M. Al-Hashimi, G. V. Merrett, and L. Benini. 2016. Graceful performance modulation for power-neutral transient computing systems. IEEE Trans. Comput.-aid. Des. Integ. Circ. Syst. 35, 5 (2016), 738\u2013749.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput.-aid. Des. Integ. Circ. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2016.2547919","article-title":"Hibernus++: A self-calibrating and adaptive system for transiently-powered embedded devices","author":"Balsamo D.","year":"2016","unstructured":"D. Balsamo, A. S. Weddell, A. Das, A. R. Arreola, D. Brunelli, B. M. Al-Hashimi, G. V. Merrett, and L. Benini. 2016. Hibernus++: A self-calibrating and adaptive system for transiently-powered embedded devices. IEEE Trans. Comput.-aid. Des. Integ. Circ. Syst. 35, 12 (2016), 1968\u20131980.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput.-aid. Des. Integ. Circ. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/LES.2014.2371494","article-title":"Hibernus: Sustaining computation during intermittent supply for energy-harvesting systems","author":"Balsamo D.","year":"2015","unstructured":"D. Balsamo, A. S. Weddell, G. V. Merrett, B. M. Al-Hashimi, D. Brunelli, and L. Benini. 2015. Hibernus: Sustaining computation during intermittent supply for energy-harvesting systems. IEEE Embed. Syst. Lett. 7, 1 (2015), 15\u201318.","journal-title":"IEEE Embed. Syst. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN\u201922)","author":"Bambusi F.","year":"2022","unstructured":"F. Bambusi, F. Cerizzi, Y. Lee, and L. Mottola. 2022. The case for approximate intermittent computing. In Proceedings of the 21st ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN\u201922)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","article-title":"Sytare: A lightweight kernel for NVRAM-based transiently-powered systems","author":"Berthou G.","year":"2018","unstructured":"G. Berthou, T. Delizy, K. Marquet, T. Risset, and G. Salagnac. 2018. Sytare: A lightweight kernel for NVRAM-based transiently-powered systems. IEEE Trans. Comput. 68, 9 (2018), 1390\u20131403.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","article-title":"Power management in real time embedded systems through online and adaptive interplay of DPM and DVFS policies","author":"Bhatti M. K.","year":"2010","unstructured":"M. K. Bhatti, C. Belleudy, and M. Auguin. 2010. Power management in real time embedded systems through online and adaptive interplay of DPM and DVFS policies. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/IFIP International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/IFIP International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","article-title":"Energy harvesting and wireless transfer in sensor network applications: Concepts and experiences","author":"Bhatti N. A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"N. A. Bhatti, M. H. Alizai, A. A. Syed, and L. Mottola. 2016. Energy harvesting and wireless transfer in sensor network applications: Concepts and experiences. ACM Trans. Sensor Netw. 12, 3 (2016).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Sensor Netw."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3055031.3055082"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3356250.3360033"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","unstructured":"C. Church and L. Wuennenberg. 2019. Sustainability and second life: The case for cobalt and lithium recycling. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/publications\/sustainability-and-second-life-case-cobalt-and-lithium-recycling"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/2954680.2872409","article-title":"An energy-interference-free hardware-software debugger for intermittent energy-harvesting systems","author":"Colin A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"A. Colin, G. Harvey, B. Lucia, and A. P. Sample. 2016. An energy-interference-free hardware-software debugger for intermittent energy-harvesting systems. SIGOPS Op. Syst. Rev. 50, 2 (2016), 577\u2013589.","journal-title":"SIGOPS Op. Syst. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","series-title":"OOPSLA","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications","author":"Colin A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"A. Colin and B. Lucia. 2016. Chain: Tasks and channels for reliable intermittent programs. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications(OOPSLA\u201916)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3178372.3179525"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1998582.1998590"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3373376.3378473"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/1952998.1952999","article-title":"Fine-grained DVFS using on-chip regulators","author":"Eyerman S.","year":"2011","unstructured":"S. Eyerman and L. Eeckhout. 2011. Fine-grained DVFS using on-chip regulators. ACM Trans. Archit. Code Optim. 8, 1 (2011).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Archit. Code Optim."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/4.661206","article-title":"A high-efficiency CMOS voltage doubler","author":"Favrat P.","year":"1998","unstructured":"P. Favrat, P. Deval, and M. J. Declercq. 1998. A high-efficiency CMOS voltage doubler. IEEE J. Solid-state Circ. 33 (1998), 410\u2013416.","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-state Circ."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3130379.3130734"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3276774.3282823"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2996884.2996889"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","article-title":"Efficient, long-term logging of rich data sensors using transient sensor nodes","author":"Gomez A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"A. Gomez, L. Sigrist, T. Schalch, L. Benini, and L. Thiele. 2017. Efficient, long-term logging of rich data sensors using transient sensor nodes. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. 17, 1 (2017).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","article-title":"2012. From the internet of things to embedded intelligence","author":"Guo B.","unstructured":"B. Guo, D. Zhang, Z. Yu, Y. Liang, Z. Wang, and X. Zhou. 2012. From the internet of things to embedded intelligence. World Wide Web 16, 4 (2012), 399\u2013420.","journal-title":"World Wide Web"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Workload Characterization (WWC\u201901)","author":"Guthaus M. R.","year":"2001","unstructured":"M. R. Guthaus, J. S. Ringenberg, D. Ernst, T. M. Austin, T. Mudge, and R. B. Brown. 2001. MiBench: A free, commercially representative embedded benchmark suite. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Workload Characterization (WWC\u201901)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED\u201907)","author":"Herbert S.","year":"2007","unstructured":"S. Herbert and D. Marculescu. 2007. Analysis of dynamic voltage\/frequency scaling in chip-multiprocessors. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED\u201907)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2668332.2668382"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys\u201917)","author":"Hester J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"J. Hester and J. Sorber. 2017. Flicker: Rapid prototyping for the batteryless internet-of-things. In Proceedings of the 15th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys\u201917)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3131672.3131699"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","unstructured":"M. Hicks. 2016. MiBench2 - MiBench porting to IoT devices. Retrieved from https:\/\/github.com\/impedimentToProgress\/MiBench2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 44th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA\u201917)","author":"Hicks M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"M. Hicks. 2017. Clank: Architectural support for intermittent computation. In Proceedings of the 44th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA\u201917)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2656045.2656057"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","article-title":"Soil-monitoring sensor powered by temperature difference between air and shallow underground soil","author":"Ikeda N.","year":"2020","unstructured":"N. Ikeda, R. Shigeta, J. Shiomi, and Y. Kawahara. 2020. Soil-monitoring sensor powered by temperature difference between air and shallow underground soil. Proc. ACM Interact., Mob., Wear. Ubiq. Technol. 4, 1 (2020), 1\u201322.","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Interact., Mob., Wear. Ubiq. Technol. 4, 1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","unstructured":"Texas Instruments. 1998. SN74LV175A quadruple D-type flip-flops. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/ds\/symlink\/sn74lv175a.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","unstructured":"Texas Instruments. 2009. Low-power dual 2-input positive-NOR gate. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/ds\/symlink\/sn74aup2g02.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","unstructured":"Texas Instruments. 2013. MSP430-G2553 datasheet. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/ds\/symlink\/msp430g2553.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","unstructured":"Texas Instruments. 2014. SN74AUP1G04 low-power single inverter gate. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/ds\/symlink\/sn74aup1g04.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","unstructured":"Texas Instruments. 2014. TPS6274x step down converter datasheet. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/ds\/symlink\/tps62740.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","unstructured":"Texas Instruments. 2016. SN74AUP1G08 low-power single 2-input positive-AND gate. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/ds\/symlink\/sn74aup1g08.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","unstructured":"Texas Instruments. 2020. MSP430 hardware design tips. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ti.com\/seclit\/ml\/sprpe57\/sprpe57.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","unstructured":"Texas Instruments. 2014. MSP430 family of MCUs. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ti.com\/msp430"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS\u201920)","author":"Islam B.","year":"2020","unstructured":"B. Islam and S. Nirjon. 2020. Scheduling computational and energy harvesting tasks in deadline-aware intermittent systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS\u201920)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/2700249","article-title":"QuickRecall: A HW\/SW approach for computing across power cycles in transiently powered computers","author":"Jayakumar H.","year":"2015","unstructured":"H. Jayakumar, A. Raha, W. S. Lee, and V. Raghunathan. 2015. QuickRecall: A HW\/SW approach for computing across power cycles in transiently powered computers. ACM J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst. 12, 1, Article 8 (2015).","journal-title":"ACM J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","article-title":"Stabilizing CPU frequency and voltage for temperature-aware DVFS in mobile devices","author":"Kim J. M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"J. M. Kim, Y. G. Kim, and S. W. Chung. 2013. Stabilizing CPU frequency and voltage for temperature-aware DVFS in mobile devices. IEEE Trans. Comput. 64, 1 (2013), 286\u2013292.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2014.2384207","article-title":"Undervolting in WSNs: Theory and practice","author":"Kulau U.","year":"2015","unstructured":"U. Kulau, F. B\u00fcsching, and L. Wolf. 2015. Undervolting in WSNs: Theory and practice. Internet Things J. 2, 3 (2015), 190\u2013198.","journal-title":"Internet Things J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/2885500","article-title":"IdealVolting: Reliable undervolting on wireless sensor nodes","author":"Kulau U.","year":"2016","unstructured":"U. Kulau, F. B\u00fcsching, and L. Wolf. 2016. IdealVolting: Reliable undervolting on wireless sensor nodes. ACM Trans. Senors Netw. 12, 2 (2016), 1\u201338.","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Senors Netw."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS\u201916)","author":"Kulau U.","year":"2016","unstructured":"U. Kulau, S. Rottmann, S. Schildt, J. Balen, and L. Wolf. 2016. Undervolting in real world WSN applications: A long-term study. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS\u201916)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","article-title":"Dynamic voltage-frequency and workload joint scaling power management for energy harvesting multi-core WSN node SoC","author":"Li X.","year":"2017","unstructured":"X. Li. 2017. Dynamic voltage-frequency and workload joint scaling power management for energy harvesting multi-core WSN node SoC. Sensors 17, 2, Article 310 (2017).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","unstructured":"Fujitsu Semiconductor Limited. 2015. MB85RC64V 8 \\(Kb\\) \\(I^2C\\) FeRAM datasheet. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.fujitsu.com\/jp\/group\/fsm\/en\/documents\/products\/fram\/lineup\/MB85RC64V-DS501-00013-7v0-E.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","article-title":"A framework of concurrent task scheduling and dynamic voltage and frequency scaling in real-time embedded systems with energy harvesting","author":"Lin X.","year":"2013","unstructured":"X. Lin, Y. Wang, S. Yue, N. Chang, and M. Pedram. 2013. A framework of concurrent task scheduling and dynamic voltage and frequency scaling in real-time embedded systems with energy harvesting. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1403375.1403432"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISQED.2007.158"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","unstructured":"llvm 2003. The LLVM compiler infrastructure. The LLVM Project. Retrieved from https:\/\/llvm.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2737924.2737978"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","article-title":"Alpaca: Intermittent execution without checkpoints","author":"Maeng K.","year":"2017","unstructured":"K. Maeng, A. Colin, and B. Lucia. 2017. Alpaca: Intermittent execution without checkpoints. Proc. ACM Program. Lang. (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Program. Lang."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201918)","author":"Maeng K.","year":"2018","unstructured":"K. Maeng and B. Lucia. 2018. Adaptive dynamic checkpointing for safe efficient intermittent computing. In Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201918)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","unstructured":"A. Maioli. 2025. ScEpTIC extension implementing system energy emulation. Retrieved from http:\/\/sceptic.neslab.it\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys\u201921)","author":"Maioli A.","year":"2021","unstructured":"A. Maioli and L. Mottola. 2021. ALFRED: Virtual memory for intermittent computing. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys\u201921)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3316482.3326346"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3451271.3451272"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3360285","article-title":"Dynamic task-based intermittent execution for energy-harvesting devices","author":"Majid A. Y.","year":"2020","unstructured":"A. Y. Majid, C. Delle Donne, K. Maeng, A. Colin, K. S. Yildirim, B. Lucia, and P. Pawelczak. 2020. Dynamic task-based intermittent execution for energy-harvesting devices. ACM Trans. Sensor Netw. 16, 1, Article 5 (2020).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Sensor Netw."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys\u201922)","author":"Menon R.","year":"2023","unstructured":"R. Menon, R. Gujarathi, A. Saffari, and J. R. Smith. 2023. Wireless identification and sensing platform version 6.0. In Proceedings of the 20th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys\u201922)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/556628.838097"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","unstructured":"Nexperia. 2021. 74HC85 4-bit magnitude comparator. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mouser.it\/datasheet\/2\/916\/74HC_HCT85-1541793.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","unstructured":"PeakTech. 2022. PeakTech 6225A variable power supply. Retrieved from https:\/\/peaktech-rce.com\/en\/laboratory-power-supplies\/441-peaktech-6225a-laboratory-switching-power-supply-dc-0-30v-0-5a-digital-meters.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP\u201901)","author":"Pillai P.","year":"2001","unstructured":"P. Pillai and K. G. Shin. 2001. Real-time dynamic voltage scaling for low-power embedded operating systems. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP\u201901)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Body Area Networks (BodyNets\u201909)","author":"Powell H. C.","year":"2009","unstructured":"H. C. Powell, A. T. Barth, and J. Lach. 2009. Dynamic voltage-frequency scaling in body area sensor networks using COTS components. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Body Area Networks (BodyNets\u201909)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/1961295.1950386","article-title":"Mementos: System support for long-running computation on RFID-scale devices","author":"Ransford B.","year":"2011","unstructured":"B. Ransford, J. Sorber, and K. Fu. 2011. Mementos: System support for long-running computation on RFID-scale devices. ACM SIGARCH Comput. Archit. News 39, 1 (2011), 159\u2013170.","journal-title":"ACM SIGARCH Comput. Archit. News"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","article-title":"Dynamic voltage and frequency scheduling for embedded processors considering power\/performance tradeoffs","author":"Salehi M. E.","year":"2011","unstructured":"M. E. Salehi, M. Samadi, M. Najibi, A. Afzali-Kusha, M. Pedram, and S. M. Fakhraie. 2011. Dynamic voltage and frequency scheduling for embedded processors considering power\/performance tradeoffs. IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. Syst. 19, 10 (2011), 1931\u20131935.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2008.925019","article-title":"Design of an RFID-based battery-free programmable sensing platform","author":"Sample A. P.","year":"2008","unstructured":"A. P. Sample, D. J. Yeager, P. S. Powledge, A. V. Mamishev, and J. R. Smith. 2008. Design of an RFID-based battery-free programmable sensing platform. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Measur. 57, 11 (2008), 2608\u20132615.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Measur."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Energy Harvesting & Energy-Neutral Sensing Systems (ENSSYS\u201919)","author":"Saoda N.","year":"2019","unstructured":"N. Saoda and B. Campbell. 2019. No batteries needed: Providing physical context with energy-harvesting beacons. In Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Energy Harvesting & Energy-Neutral Sensing Systems (ENSSYS\u201919)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2009.2019333","article-title":"Self-powered sensors for monitoring of highway bridges","author":"Sazonov E.","year":"2009","unstructured":"E. Sazonov, H. Li, D. Curry, and P. Pillay. 2009. Self-powered sensors for monitoring of highway bridges. IEEE Sensors J. 9, 11 (2009), 1422\u20131429.","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","unstructured":"ROHM Semiconductor. 2015. BU49XXG CMOS voltage detector. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mouser.it\/datasheet\/2\/348\/bu48xxg_e-1874410.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","article-title":"A survey study on virtual machine migration and server consolidation techniques in DVFS-enabled cloud datacenter: Taxonomy and challenges","author":"Shirvani M. H.","year":"2020","unstructured":"M. H. Shirvani, A. M. Rahmani, and A. Sahafi. 2020. A survey study on virtual machine migration and server consolidation techniques in DVFS-enabled cloud datacenter: Taxonomy and challenges. J. King Saud Univ.-Comput. Inf. Sci. 32, 3 (2020), 267\u2013286.","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ.-Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","unstructured":"STMicroelectronics. 2013. TS881 comparator. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.st.com\/resource\/en\/datasheet\/ts881.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3453483.3454081"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_2","unstructured":"UNI-TREND Technology. 2022. UNI-T UT61E digital multimeter. Retrieved from https:\/\/meters.uni-trend.com\/product\/ut61plus-series\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_86_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201916)","author":"Woude J. Van Der","year":"2016","unstructured":"J. Van Der Woude and M. Hicks. 2016. Intermittent computation without hardware support or programmer intervention. In Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201916)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2010.2050013","article-title":"Novel batteryless wireless sensor for traffic-flow measurement","author":"Vijayaraghavan K.","year":"2010","unstructured":"K. Vijayaraghavan and R. Rajamani. 2010. Novel batteryless wireless sensor for traffic-flow measurement. IEEE Trans. Vehic. Technol. 59, 7 (2010), 3249\u20133260.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vehic. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_2","article-title":"On the sustainability of lithium ion battery industry\u2014A review and perspective","author":"Yang Y.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Y. Yang, E. G. Okonkwo, G. Huang, S. Xu, W. Sun, and Y. He. 2021. On the sustainability of lithium ion battery industry\u2014A review and perspective. Energy Stor. Mater. 36 (2021), 186\u2013212.","journal-title":"Energy Stor. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2024724.2024815"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3714470","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3714470","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T01:17:56Z","timestamp":1750295876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3714470"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3714470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3714470","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4859","1550-4867"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-4859","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-4867","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-01-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}