{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:24:29Z","timestamp":1792513469203,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"Advanced Research Project of China","award":["31511010501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31511010501"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62272249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272249"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62302244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62302244"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Widely adopted for their scalability and flexibility, modern microservice systems present unique failure diagnosis challenges due to their independent deployment and dynamic interactions. This complexity can lead to cascading failures that negatively impact operational efficiency and user experience. Recognizing the critical role of fault diagnosis in improving the stability and reliability of microservice systems, researchers have conducted extensive studies and achieved a number of significant results. This survey provides an exhaustive review of 98 scientific papers from 2003 to the present, including a thorough examination and elucidation of the fundamental concepts, system architecture, and problem statement. It also includes a qualitative analysis of the dimensions, providing an in-depth discussion of current best practices and future directions, aiming to further its development and application. In addition, this survey compiles publicly available datasets, toolkits, and evaluation metrics to facilitate the selection and validation of techniques for practitioners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3715005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T10:59:04Z","timestamp":1737629944000},"page":"1-55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Failure Diagnosis in Microservice Systems: A Comprehensive Survey and Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0330-0028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shenglin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software, Nankai University, Tianjin, China and Haihe Laboratory of Information Technology Application Innovation (HL-IT), Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2853-9549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sibo","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5937-6077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenzhao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2513-5635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binpeng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5456-873X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2114-5308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6303-1731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minghua","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft, Redmond, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0266-7899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongqian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Software Experience and Human Computer Interaction (TKL-SEHCI), Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5113-838X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3368089.3417066"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-Companion.2019.00023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigDataCongress.2019.00036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGRID.2019.00038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2016.2521368"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2015.2417501"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2015.2417501"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Marc Sol\u00e9 Victor Munt\u00e9s-Mulero Annie Ibrahim Rana and Giovani Estrada. 2017. Survey on models and techniques for root-cause analysis. arXiv:1701.08546. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1701.08546"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3501297"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2076450.2076466"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3460345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3483424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-021-10063-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2013.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787496"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-14923-8_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3338906.3338961"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC\/PiCom\/DataCom\/CyberSciTec.2018.00134"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2023.3290018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-20984-0_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3449905"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSRE5003.2020.00014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2623330.2623374"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3352063.3352105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuong Pham Long Wang Byung Chul Tak Salman Baset Chunqiang Tang Zbigniew Kalbarczyk and Ravishankar K. Iyer. 2016. Failure diagnosis for distributed systems using targeted fault injection. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 28 2 (2016) 503\u2013516.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2016.2575829"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE51524.2021.9678708"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-SEIP52600.2021.00038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PCCC.2016.7820614"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS47738.2020.9110353"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2465529.2465753"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jianping Weng Jessie Hui Wang Jiahai Yang and Yang Yang. 2018. Root cause analysis of anomalies of multitier services in public clouds. IEEE\/ACM Transactions on Networking 26 4 (2018) 1646\u20131659.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2018.2843805"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3580305.3599849"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3580305.3599392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing","author":"Wu Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Wu, Jasmin Bogatinovski, Sasho Nedelkoski, Johan Tordsson, and Odej Kao. 2020. Performance diagnosis in cloud microservices using deep learning. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing. Springer, Berlin, 85\u201396."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CloudIntelligence52565.2021.00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3580305.3599934"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2014.6848128"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10062166"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3459637.3481903"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3135974.3135977"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FiCloud.2019.00036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3534678.3539041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSRE52982.2021.00022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3583780.3614995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGRID.2018.00076"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICWS.2019.00022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3366423.3380111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng Ma Weilan Lin Disheng Pan and Ping Wang. 2021. Servicerank: Root cause identification of anomaly in large-scale microservice architectures. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 19 5 (2021) 3087\u20133100.","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2021.3083671"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PCCC.2018.8711092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shenghui Gu Guoping Rong Tian Ren He Zhang Haifeng Shen Yongda Yu Xian Li Jian Ouyang and Chunan Chen. 2023. TrinityRCL: Multi-granular and code-level root cause localization using multiple types of telemetry data in microservice systems. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 49 5 (2023) 3071\u20133088.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2023.3241299"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE48619.2023.00150"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-SEIP52600.2021.00043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSMR.2009.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3445814.3446700"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","unstructured":"Guangba Yu Zicheng Huang and Pengfei Chen. 2023. TraceRank: Abnormal service localization with dis-aggregated end-to-end tracing data in cloud native systems. Journal of Software: Evolution and Process 35 10 (2023) e2413."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWQOS52092.2021.9521340"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops57953.2023.10283749"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10001270"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CLOUD.2019.00031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiaoyun Li Pengfei Chen Linxiao Jing Zilong He and Guangba Yu. 2022. Swisslog: Robust anomaly detection and localization for interleaved unstructured logs. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 20 4 (2022) 2762\u20132780.","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2022.3162857"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Managing Large-scale Systems via the Analysis of System Logs and the Application of Machine Learning Techniques","author":"Nguyen Hiep","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hiep Nguyen, Yongmin Tan, and Xiaohui Gu. 2011. Pal: Propagation-aware anomaly localization for cloud hosted distributed applications. In Proceedings of the Managing Large-scale Systems via the Analysis of System Logs and the Application of Machine Learning Techniques. ACM, New York, NY, 1\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2013.26"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSRE.2019.00014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shize Zhang Yunfeng Zhao Jianyuan Lu Biao Lyu Shunmin Zhu Zhiliang Wang Jiahai Yang Lin He and Jianping Wu. 2021. CloudPin: A root cause localization framework of shared bandwidth package traffic anomalies in public cloud networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE 32nd International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE \u201921). IEEE Los Alamitos CA 367\u2013377.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSRE52982.2021.00046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308558.3313653"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS.2016.7502857"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2022.107083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICST.2018.00034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03596-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3460319.3464805"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1592568.1592597"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2017.129"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPA-BDCloud-SocialCom-SustainCom52081.2021.00074"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWQOS52092.2021.9521318"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","first-page":"416","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM 21st International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Internet Computing (CCGrid \u201921)","author":"Ye Zihao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zihao Ye, Pengfei Chen, and Guangba Yu. 2021. T-rank: A lightweight spectrum based fault localization approach for microservice systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM 21st International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Internet Computing (CCGrid \u201921). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 416\u2013425."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSN53354.2021.00081"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2019.110432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IC2E.2016.12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEBE.2017.52"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICWS.2017.135"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647957"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3382494.3410684"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3236024.3236083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3468264.3473919"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2019.00031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","first-page":"353","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI \u201912)","author":"Nagaraj Karthik","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karthik Nagaraj, Charles Killian, and Jennifer Neville. 2012. Structured comparative analysis of systems logs to diagnose performance problems. In Proceedings of the 9th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI \u201912). USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, 353\u2013366."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EDCC.2015.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICWS.2017.12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3447548.3467190"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWQoS49365.2020.9213058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGrid54584.2022.00075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3540250.3549092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICWS55610.2022.00031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3299869.3314048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICWS49710.2020.00026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3611643.3616249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2882903.2915218"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3389133.3389136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN.2002.1029005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3183440.3194991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSRE.2016.32"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2018.2887384"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1755913.1755926"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2889160.2889232"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597503.3639088"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN.2013.6575298"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2023.3293890"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3076897"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN.2015.23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","volume-title":"Causation, Prediction, and Search","author":"Spirtes Peter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Peter Spirtes, Clark N. Glymour, and Richard Scheines. 2000. Causation, Prediction, and Search. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2009.60"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/151741"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francois Fouss Alain Pirotte Jean-Michel Renders and Marco Saerens. 2007. Random-walk computation of similarities between nodes of a graph with application to collaborative recommendation. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 19 3 (2007) 355\u2013369.","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2007.46"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bo Sang Jianfeng Zhan Gang Lu Haining Wang Dongyan Xu Lei Wang Zhihong Zhang and Zhen Jia. 2011. Precise scalable and online request tracing for multitier services of black boxes. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 23 6 (2011) 1159\u20131167.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2011.257"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omar Sefraoui Mohammed Aissaoui and Mohsine Eleuldj. 2012. OpenStack: Toward an open-source solution for cloud computing. International Journal of Computer Applications 55 3 (2012) 38\u201342.","DOI":"10.5120\/8738-2991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/775152.775191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Judea Pearl. 2009. Causal inference in statistics: An overview. Statistics Surveys 3 1 (2009) 96\u2013146.","DOI":"10.1214\/09-SS057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","first-page":"1666","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics","author":"Budhathoki Kailash","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kailash Budhathoki, Dominik Janzing, Patrick Bloebaum, and Hoiyi Ng. 2021. Why did the distribution change? In Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics. PMLR, San Diego, CA, 1666\u20131674."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CloudIntelligence52565.2021.00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3065386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CLOUD.2018.00134"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1087948"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1078026.1078407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","unstructured":"Benjamin H. Sigelman Luiz Andr\u00e9 Barroso Mike Burrows Pat Stephenson Manoj Plakal Donald Beaver Saul Jaspan and Chandan Shanbhag. 2010. Dapper a large-scale distributed systems tracing infrastructure. Retrieved from https:\/\/research.google\/pubs\/pub36356"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1251254.1251272"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","first-page":"271","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design & Implementation (NSDI \u201907)","author":"Fonseca Rodrigo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rodrigo Fonseca, George Porter, Randy H. Katz, and Scott Shenker. 2007. \\(\\{\\) X-Trace \\(\\}\\) : A pervasive network tracing framework. In Proceedings of the 4th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design & Implementation (NSDI \u201907). USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, 271\u2013284."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1140103.1140280"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haibo Mi Huaimin Wang Yangfan Zhou Michael Rung-Tsong Lyu and Hua Cai. 2013. Toward fine-grained unsupervised scalable performance diagnosis for production cloud computing systems. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 24 6 (2013) 1245\u20131255.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2013.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3623278.3624758"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","first-page":"169","article-title":"Coefficient of variation","volume":"1","author":"Abdi Herv\u00e9","year":"2010","unstructured":"Herv\u00e9 Abdi. 2010. Coefficient of variation. Encyclopedia of Research Design 1, 5 (2010), 169\u2013171, 1209\u20131210.","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Research Design"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emmanuel J. Cand\u00e8s Xiaodong Li Yi Ma and John Wright. 2011. Robust principal component analysis? Journal of the ACM 58 3 (2011) 1\u201337.","DOI":"10.1145\/1970392.1970395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mengshi Zhang Yaoxian Li Xia Li Lingchao Chen Yuqun Zhang Lingming Zhang and Sarfraz Khurshid. 2019. An empirical study of boosting spectrum-based fault localization via Pagerank. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 47 6 (2019) 1089\u20131113.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2019.2911283"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhigang Zheng Wei Wei Chunming Liu Wei Cao Longbing Cao and Maninder Bhatia. 2016. An effective contrast sequential pattern mining approach to taxpayer behavior analysis. World Wide Web 19 (2016) 633\u2013651.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11280-015-0350-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2004.77","article-title":"Mining sequential patterns by pattern-growth: The prefixspan approach","volume":"16","author":"Pei Jian","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jian Pei, Jiawei Han, Behzad Mortazavi-Asl, Jianyong Wang, Helen Pinto, Qiming Chen, Umeshwar Dayal, and Mei-Chun Hsu. 2004. Mining sequential patterns by pattern-growth: The prefixspan approach. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 16, 11 (2004), 1424\u20131440.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","first-page":"4107","volume-title":"Proceedings of the World Wide Web Conference","author":"Zheng Lecheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lecheng Zheng, Zhengzhang Chen, Jingrui He, and Haifeng Chen. 2024. Multi-modal causal structure learning and root cause analysis. In Proceedings of the World Wide Web Conference. ACM, New York, NY, 4107\u20134116."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3134015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shenglin Zhang Yongxin Zhao Sibo Xia Shirui Wei Yongqian Sun Chenyu Zhao Shiyu Ma Junhua Kuang Bolin Zhu Lemeng Pan et\u00a0al. 2024. No more data silos: Unified microservice failure diagnosis with temporal knowledge graph. IEEE Transactions on Services Computing 17 6 (2024) 4013\u20134026.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2024.3489444"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33015409"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3219617.3219643"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICWS.2017.13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","unstructured":"Emmanuel Bacry Martin Bompaire St\u00e9phane Ga\u00efffas and Soren Poulsen. 2017. Tick: A Python library for statistical learning with a particular emphasis on time-dependent modelling. arXiv:1707.03003. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1707.03003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49409-8_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","first-page":"933","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Dauphin Yann N.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yann N. Dauphin, Angela Fan, Michael Auli, and David Grangier. 2017. Language modeling with gated convolutional networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, San Diego, 933\u2013941."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3691620.3695489"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_147_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","volume":"30","author":"Hamilton Will","year":"2017","unstructured":"Will Hamilton, Zhitao Ying, and Jure Leskovec. 2017. Inductive representation learning on large graphs. In Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3695999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3691620.3695495"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE48619.2023.00149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3627703.3629553"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xuchao Zhang Supriyo Ghosh Chetan Bansal Rujia Wang Minghua Ma Yu Kang and Saravan Rajmohan. 2024. Automated root causing of cloud incidents using in-context learning with GPT-4. arXiv:2401.13810. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2401.13810","DOI":"10.1145\/3663529.3663846"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sitao Cheng Ziyuan Zhuang Yong Xu Fangkai Yang Chaoyun Zhang Xiaoting Qin Xiang Huang Ling Chen Qingwei Lin Dongmei Zhang et\u00a0al. 2024. Call me when necessary: LLMs can efficiently and faithfully reason over structured environments. arXiv:2403.08593. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2403.08593","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-acl.254"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_154_2","first-page":"112","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS \u201910)","author":"Tan Jiaqi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jiaqi Tan, Xinghao Pan, Eugene Marinelli, Soila Kavulya, Rajeev Gandhi, and Priya Narasimhan. 2010. Kahuna: Problem diagnosis for mapreduce-based cloud computing environments. In Proceedings of the IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS \u201910). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 112\u2013119."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Laguna S. Mitra F. A. Arshad N. Theera-Ampornpunt Z. Zhu S. Bagchi S. P. Midkiff M. Kistler and A. Gheith. 2013. Automatic problem localization in distributed applications via multi-dimensional metric profiling. Technical Report. Lawrence Livermore National Lab.(LLNL) Livermore CA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SRDS.2013.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23502-4_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_157_2","first-page":"108","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis","author":"Das Anwesha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anwesha Das, Frank Mueller, Paul Hargrove, Eric Roman, and Scott Baden. 2018. Doomsday: Predicting which node will fail when on supercomputers. In Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, 108\u2013121."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HiPC.2016.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPA-BDCloud-SustainCom-SocialCom48970.2019.00072"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3236024.3236060"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13127297"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSRE59848.2023.00083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ping Liu Shenglin Zhang Yongqian Sun Yuan Meng Jiahai Yang and Dan Pei. 2020. Fluxinfer: Automatic diagnosis of performance anomaly for online database system. In Proceedings of the IEEE 39th International Performance Computing and Communications Conference (IPCCC \u201920) 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPCCC50635.2020.9391550"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2023.111724"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2023.111748"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3629526.3645047"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE56975.2023.10137078"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3643728"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2017.2732986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1661445.1661606"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3430984.3431027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Astha Garg Wenyu Zhang Jules Samaran Ramasamy Savitha and Chuan-Sheng Foo. 2021. An evaluation of anomaly detection and diagnosis in multivariate time series. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems 33 6 (2021) 2508\u20132517.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3105827"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3715005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T09:27:09Z","timestamp":1765531629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3715005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"references-count":171,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3715005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3715005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-331X","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}