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Currently, the executable Trigger-Action Programming (TAP) rules have become the mainstream paradigm for IoT end-user programming. To simplify the creation of TAP rules, many studies have proposed various levels of requirements abstraction, yet the connections between them remain unclear. In this article, we employ a mixed-methods study to identify the preferred way of expressing end users\u2019 requirements in practical scenarios. Subsequently, from the perspective of requirements engineering, we categorize the needs of smart home into three hierarchical levels of abstraction. Accordingly, we propose an innovative multi-level requirements description language called\n            <jats:italic>SH-RDL<\/jats:italic>\n            . We also address potential challenges and conduct an evaluation to validate\n            <jats:italic>SH-RDL<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2019s usability, understandability and error-prevention. This will aid in the broader adoption of IoT end-user programming.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3715114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T15:27:46Z","timestamp":1738337266000},"page":"1-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Expressing the Needs in Smart Home: What Is the End Users\u2019 Favorite Way"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2217-6659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0265-8902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1087-226X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies (PKU), Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6573-4730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8845-1454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zihan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3956-6549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haotian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2020.101043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3286606.3286832"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/IConAC.2017.8082057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2591062.2591201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Inc Amazon.com. 2014. 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