{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T00:33:32Z","timestamp":1778373212911,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52068050 and 41562015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52068050 and 41562015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University","award":["2017IRT17051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017IRT17051"]}]},{"name":"Key Projects of Two Chain Integration of Shaanxi Province of China","award":["2022LL-ZD-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022LL-ZD-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Comput. Cult. Herit."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Jiayuguan, the first majestic pass at the western end of the Ming Dynasty\u2019s Great Wall, is an important world cultural heritage site with high historical, scientific, social, and artistic value. It is primarily constructed of rammed earth and has existed in the form of earth relics for over 600 years. Due to prolonged exposure to natural environmental factors such as rainfall, wind-borne sand, and temperature variations, typical crack diseases have developed significantly, posing a threat to the overall stability of the earthen site. To ensure the long-term safety of rammed earth sites, we explore the primary environmental factors influencing the progression of damages in these sites using monitoring techniques. Additionally, employing data mining techniques to analyze the development trends of these damages for predictive warnings will prove to be a challenging task. In this context, this paper collects monitoring data on crack diseases and the occurrence environment of the Jiayuguan rammed earth site, and uses the wavelet correlation analysis method and Boruta feature screening to find the main environmental factors that affect the development of crack diseases. Then, combining with environmental factor variables, it uses deep learning LSTM, GRU, Transformer and transfer learning Transformer-LSTM, GRU-Transformer, and A-SBiLSTM to predict the development trend of crack diseases on the north wall and beacon tower respectively. It can be seen that (i) Transformer model RMSE = 0.0154, R\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            = 0.973; (ii) Transformer-LSTM model RMES = 0.0290, R\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            = 0.937; and (iii) Transformer model and Transformer-LSTM model are closer to the actual SD value than other models. The research results show that the Transformer and Transformer-LSTM models have high accuracy, good stability, and optimal prediction effects. They are suitable for predicting the development trend of crack diseases at the Jiayuguan rammed earth site. These models have application potential in related research fields and provide references for subsequent research.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3715155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T17:38:01Z","timestamp":1738345081000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Research on the Development of Crack Diseases at the Jiayuguan Rammed Earth Site in Multivariate Time Series Based on Deep Learning and Transfer Learning"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8125-8779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6060-6130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3372-8989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cultural Heritage Monitoring Center, Jiayuguan Silk Road (Great Wall) Culture Research Institute, Jiayuguan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0868-4286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1506-7454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangpeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13556207.2011.10785089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13556207.2007.10784989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2008.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11204-020-09659-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-019-0256-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3130\/jaabe.16.503"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.239"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coldregions.2019.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11204-017-9423-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2019.1576241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2012.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11779\/CJGE201710004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-010-0829-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13505033.2015.1129798"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2010.2093882"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s140100770"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21237795"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/env.2171"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/17-BJPS364"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-020-05969-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2013.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(96)00123-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2015.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dibe.2023.100293"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","volume-title":"Research on Multivariate Time Series Analysis of Cultural Relics Based on Wavelet Theory","author":"Shang Qi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qi Shang. 2016. Research on Multivariate Time Series Analysis of Cultural Relics Based on Wavelet Theory. Master\u2019s thesis. Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology (XAUAT), Xi\u2019an, China."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","volume-title":"Research on the Application of Support Vector Machines in the Protection of Earthen Sites","author":"Jia Ru","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ru Jia. 2013. Research on the Application of Support Vector Machines in the Protection of Earthen Sites. Master\u2019s thesis. NorthWest University (NWU), Xi\u2019an, China."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9369781"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2024.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6638521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11820\/dlkxjz.2013.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00181-015-0955-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.02.046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","volume-title":"Short-Term Load Forecasting by Long and Short-Term Temporal Networks with Attention Based on Modal Decompositions","author":"Qiao Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi Qiao. 2023. Short-Term Load Forecasting by Long and Short-Term Temporal Networks with Attention Based on Modal Decompositions. Master\u2019s thesis. Shaanxi University of Technology (SNUT). Xi\u2019an, China."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2024.109138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w10111543"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-024-09213-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10710-024-09493-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-023-05005-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-15571-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2020.12.1342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00202-024-02590-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/TST.2020.9010057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12204-023-2672-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2024.108223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-024-09931-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41060-023-00421-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3248842"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-023-00574-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2009.191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2021.107242"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172246"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69418-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62127-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.132697"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.117431"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14030432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0213419"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12244988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2022.109765"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14112470"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2022.3152856"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2021.110138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12194034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2017.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2021.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/541598-024-55483-x"}],"container-title":["Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3715155","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3715155","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T01:18:18Z","timestamp":1750295898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3715155"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3715155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3715155","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-4673","1556-4711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-4673","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}