{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T04:08:11Z","timestamp":1750824491599,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":99,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"name":"L\u00e4nsf\u00f6rs\u00e4kringar Research Foundation","award":["P1.22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1.22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3715275.3732016","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T17:01:18Z","timestamp":1750698078000},"page":"195-208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Classifying Hate: Legal and Ethical Evaluations of ML-Assisted Hate Crime Classification and Estimation in Sweden"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3482-7789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holli","family":"Sargeant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7326-6231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannes","family":"Waldetoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0296-2719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e5ns","family":"Magnusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"The Law of Artificial Intelligence (2 ed.)","author":"Adams-Bhatti Sophia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sophia Adams-Bhatti and Holli Sargeant. 2024. Algorithms in the Justice System: Current Practices, Legal and Ethical Challenges. In The Law of Artificial Intelligence (2 ed.), Matt Hervey and Matthew Lavy (Eds.). Sweet & Maxwell, London."},{"unstructured":"\u00c5klagarmyndigheten. 2022. Hatbrott [Hate crimes]. R\u00e4ttslig V\u00e4gledning 2022:11 [Legal Guidance].","key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_2"},{"unstructured":"Arbetsmarknadsdepartementet. 2021. Slutbet\u00e4nkande av Utredningen ett ut\u00f6kat skydd mot diskriminering [Final Report of the Inquiry into extended protection against discrimination]. Sou 2021:94.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u0131van\u00e7 Atak. 2020. \u2018Inappropriate but not crime\u2019? Policing racial hatred in Sweden. Nordic Journal of Criminology 21 1 (2020) 32\u201348.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_2","DOI":"10.1080\/2578983X.2019.1680169"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_2","volume-title":"Policing Hatred: Law Enforcement, Civil Rights, and Hate Crime","author":"Bell Jeannine","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jeannine Bell. 2002. Policing Hatred: Law Enforcement, Civil Rights, and Hate Crime. New York University Press, New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_2","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Populism: Protest, Democratic Challenge and Right-Wing Extremism","author":"Berggren Erik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Erik Berggren and Anders Neergaard. 2015. Populism: Protest, Democratic Challenge and Right-Wing Extremism. Routledge, London, 187\u2013217."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richard Berk Hoda Heidari Shahin Jabbari Michael Kearns and Aaron Roth. 2018. Fairness in Criminal Justice Risk Assessments: The State of the Art. Sociological Methods & Research 50 1 (2018) 3\u201344.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_2","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124118782533"},{"unstructured":"Kelly Blount. 2021. Applying the Presumption of Innocence to Policing with AI. International Review of Penal Law 92 1 (2021) 33\u201348.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_2"},{"unstructured":"Aaron Boxerman and Isabella Kwai. 2023. What\u2019s Happening With the Quran Burnings in Sweden. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/article\/sweden-denmark-quran-burnings.html","key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_2"},{"unstructured":"Br\u00e5. 2009. Hatbrott 2008: Polisanm\u00e4lningar d\u00e4r det i motivbilden ing\u00e5r etnisk bakgrund religi\u00f6s tro sexuell l\u00e4ggning eller k\u00f6ns\u00f6verskridande identitet eller uttryck [Hate Crimes 2008: Police reports where the motive includes ethnic background religious belief sexual orientation or transgender identity or expression] (Rapport 2009:10).","key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_2"},{"unstructured":"Br\u00e5. 2021. Polisanm\u00e4lda hatbrott 2020: En sammanst\u00e4llning av de \u00e4renden som hatbrottsmarkerats av polisen [Police-reported hate crimes 2020: A compilation of cases marked as hate crimes by the police] (Rapport 2021:17).","key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_2"},{"unstructured":"Br\u00e5. 2024. Hatbrott mot samer [Hate crimes against the S\u00e1mi people] (Rapport 2024:5).","key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_2"},{"unstructured":"Brottsf\u00f6rebyggande r\u00e5det. 2024. Klassificering av brott: Anvisningar och regler [Classification of Crimes: Instructions and Rules]. v. 12.1.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David Buil-Gil Angelo Moretti and Samuel\u00a0H. Langton. 2022. The accuracy of crime statistics: assessing the impact of police data bias on geographic crime analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology 18 3 (2022) 515\u2013541.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-021-09457-y"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryan\u00a0D Byers Kiesha Warren-Gordon and James\u00a0A Jones. 2012. Predictors of hate crime prosecutions: An analysis of data from the national prosecutors survey and state-level bias crime laws. Race and Justice 2 3 (2012) 203\u2013219.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_2","DOI":"10.1177\/2153368712446868"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_2","first-page":"2633","volume-title":"30th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 21)","author":"Carlini Nicholas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nicholas Carlini, Florian Tram\u00e8r, Eric Wallace, Matthew Jagielski, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Katherine Lee, Adam Roberts, Tom Brown, Dawn Song, \u00dalfar Erlingsson, Alina Oprea, and Colin Raffel. 2021. Extracting Training Data from Large Language Models. In 30th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 21). USENIX Association, Online, 2633\u20132650. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/usenixsecurity21\/presentation\/carlini-extracting"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandra Chouldechova. 2017. Fair Prediction with Disparate Impact: A Study of Bias in Recidivism Prediction Instruments. Big Data 5 2 (2017) 153\u2013163.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_2","DOI":"10.1089\/big.2016.0047"},{"unstructured":"Danielle Citron. 2008. Technological Due Process. Washington University Law Review 85 6 (2008) 1249\u20131313.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_2","volume-title":"Joint submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review of Sweden: 49th Session of the UPR Working Group of the Human Rights Council April-May 2025","author":"Defenders Civil Rights","year":"2024","unstructured":"Civil Rights Defenders. 2024. Joint submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review of Sweden: 49th Session of the UPR Working Group of the Human Rights Council April-May 2025. Civil Rights Defenders, Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jennifer Cobbe. 2018. Administrative Law and the Machines of Government: Judicial Review of Automated Public-Sector Decision-Making. Legal Studies 39 4 (2018) 636\u2013655.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_2","DOI":"10.1017\/lst.2019.9"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_2_22_2","DOI":"10.1145\/3097983.3098095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_23_2","volume-title":"Policing By Machine: Predictive Policing and the Threat to Our Rights","author":"Couchman Hannah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hannah Couchman. 2019. Policing By Machine: Predictive Policing and the Threat to Our Rights. Technical Report. Liberty. https:\/\/www.libertyhumanrights.org.uk\/issue\/policing-by-machine\/"},{"unstructured":"United Nations Human\u00a0Rights Council. 2010. Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Sweden. A\/HRC\/15\/11 https:\/\/documents.un.org\/doc\/undoc\/gen\/g10\/144\/53\/pdf\/g1014453.pdf.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_24_2"},{"unstructured":"United Nations Human\u00a0Rights Council. 2015. Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Sweden. A\/HRC\/29\/13 https:\/\/documents.un.org\/doc\/undoc\/gen\/g15\/076\/76\/pdf\/g1507676.pdf.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_25_2"},{"unstructured":"United Nations Human\u00a0Rights Council. 2020. Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Sweden. A\/HRC\/44\/12 https:\/\/documents.un.org\/doc\/undoc\/gen\/g20\/069\/40\/pdf\/g2006940.pdf.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_26_2"},{"unstructured":"Council of Europe. 1950. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights). ETS No. 005.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_27_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aida\u00a0Mostafazadeh Davani Mohammad Atari Brendan Kennedy and Morteza Dehghani. 2023. Hate Speech Classifiers Learn Normative Social Stereotypes. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 11 (2023) 300\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/tacla00550","key":"e_1_3_3_2_28_2","DOI":"10.1162\/tacla00550"},{"unstructured":"Sunny Duan Mikail Khona Abhiram Iyer Rylan Schaeffer and Ila\u00a0R Fiete. 2024. Uncovering Latent Memories: Assessing Data Leakage and Memorization Patterns in Frontier AI Models. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2406.14549\u00a0[cs.CV]","key":"e_1_3_3_2_29_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caroline Erentzen and Regina Schuller. 2020. Exploring the Dark Figure of Hate: Experiences with Police Bias and the Under-reporting of Hate Crime. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 62 2 (2020) 64\u201397.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_30_2","DOI":"10.3138\/cjccj.2019-0035"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_2_31_2","DOI":"10.5555\/3208509"},{"unstructured":"European Court of Justice. 2023. Opinions of AG Pikam\u00e4e SCHUFA Holding and Others II (C-634\/21). Ecr 000.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_32_2"},{"unstructured":"European Court of Justice. 2024. Opinion of AG de la Tour Dun & Bradstreet Austria (C-203\/22). Ecr 000.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_33_2"},{"unstructured":"European Union. 2016. Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data and repealing Directive 95\/46\/EC (General Data Protection Regulation). OJ L 119\/1.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_34_2"},{"unstructured":"European Union. 2024. Regulation (EU) 2024\/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence and amending Regulations (EC) No 300\/2008 (EU) No 167\/2013 (EU) No 168\/2013 (EU) 2018\/858 (EU) 2018\/1139 and (EU) 2019\/2144 and Directives 2014\/90\/EU (EU) 2016\/797 and (EU) 2020\/1828 (Artificial Intelligence Act). OJ L 2024\/1689 1.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_35_2"},{"unstructured":"Andrew\u00a0Guthrie Ferguson. 2016. Policing Predictive Policing. Washington University Law Review 94 5 (2016) 1109\u20131190.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_36_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_37_2","volume-title":"Samernas Samh\u00e4lle","author":"Fjellstr\u00f6m Phebe","year":"1985","unstructured":"Phebe Fjellstr\u00f6m. 1985. Samernas Samh\u00e4lle. Norsteds, Sweden."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paula Fortuna and S\u00e9rgio Nunes. 2018. A Survey on Automatic Detection of Hate Speech in Text. ACM Comput. Surv. 51 4 Article 85 (July 2018) 30\u00a0pages. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3232676","key":"e_1_3_3_2_38_2","DOI":"10.1145\/3232676"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_39_2","volume-title":"Lifecycle of a Hate Crime Country Report for Sweden","author":"Granstr\u00f6m G\u00f6rel","year":"2017","unstructured":"G\u00f6rel Granstr\u00f6m and Karin \u00c5str\u00f6m. 2017. Lifecycle of a Hate Crime Country Report for Sweden. Technical Report. Ume\u00e5 University."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_40_2","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Dynamics of Hate: Examining Interdisciplinary Perspectives","author":"Hagerlid Mika","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mika Hagerlid, G\u00f6rel Granstr\u00f6m, and Louise Gustavsson. 2024. Success Factors for Hate Crime Investigation in Sweden. In Dynamics of Hate: Examining Interdisciplinary Perspectives. International Network for Hate Studies Biennial Conference, Cape Town, 47\u201347."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mika Hagerlid and G\u00f6rel Granstr\u00f6m. 2023. Hate Crime Investigation and Sentencing in Sweden: What Have We Learned in the Past 20 Years? European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research (2023) 18\u00a0pages.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_41_2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10610-023-09563-9"},{"unstructured":"Stevie-Jade Hardy Neil Chakraborti and Ilda Cuko. 2020. More Than A Tick-box? The Role Of Training In Improving Police Responses To Hate Crime. British Journal of Community Justice 16 1 (2020) 4\u201320.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_42_2"},{"unstructured":"House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee. 2014. Caught red-handed: Why we can\u2019t count on Police Recorded Crime statistics. Thirteenth Report of Session 2013\u201314.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_43_2"},{"unstructured":"Polismyndigheten i Stockholms\u00a0l\u00e4n. 2004. Kartl\u00e4ggning av hatbrott. R\u00e4dsla f\u00f6r det fr\u00e4mmande [A Study on Hate Crimes. Fear of the Unknown]. L\u00e4nskriminalpolisen: integrationssektionen.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_44_2"},{"unstructured":"Polismyndigheten i Stockholms\u00a0l\u00e4n. 2007. Hatbrott i City polism\u00e4stardistrikt 13 februari till 9 maj 2007 [Hate crimes in City Police District between 13th and 9th May 2007]. LKP-KUT no. 66\/07..","key":"e_1_3_3_2_45_2"},{"unstructured":"Imy. 2021. PR\u00e4ttsligt st\u00e4llningstagande \u2013 inneb\u00f6rden av begreppet \"personuppgifter som r\u00f6r lag\u00f6vertr\u00e4delser som innefattar brott\u201d i artikel 10 i dataskyddsf\u00f6rordningen [Legal position - the meaning of the term \"personal data relating to offenses involving crimes\" in Article 10 of the Data Protection Regulation]. Imyrs 2021:1.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_46_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_47_2","volume-title":"Hate Crimes: Criminal Law and Identity Politics","author":"Jacobs James\u00a0B","year":"2000","unstructured":"James\u00a0B Jacobs and Kimberly Potter. 2000. Hate Crimes: Criminal Law and Identity Politics. Oxford University Press, Oxford."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_48_2","first-page":"43:1\u201343:23","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference,","volume":"67","author":"Kleinberg Jon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jon Kleinberg, Sendhil Mullainathan, and Manish Raghavan. 2017. Inherent Trade-Offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores. In Proceedings of the 8th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference,, Vol.\u00a067. Schloss Dagstuhl \u2013 Leibniz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Informatik, Dagstuhl, Germany, 43:1\u201343:23."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_49_2","first-page":"40","volume-title":"Hate Crime: Papers from the 2006 and 2007 Stockholm Criminology Symposiums","author":"Klingspor Klara","year":"2008","unstructured":"Klara Klingspor. 2008. The Challenges of Collecting Statistical Data in the Field of Hate Crime: The Case of Sweden. In Hate Crime: Papers from the 2006 and 2007 Stockholm Criminology Symposiums, Jo\u00a0Goodey and Kauko Aromaa (Eds.). European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations, Helsinki, Finland, 40\u201355."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brendan Lantz Andrew\u00a0S Gladfelter and R\u00a0Barry Ruback. 2019. Stereotypical hate crimes and criminal justice processing: A multi-dataset comparison of bias crime arrest patterns by offender and victim race. Justice Quarterly 36 2 (2019) 193\u2013224.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_50_2","DOI":"10.1080\/07418825.2017.1399211"},{"unstructured":"Jeff Larson Surya Mattu Lauren Kirchner and Julia Angwin. 2016. How We Analyzed the COMPAS Recidivism Algorithm. https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivism-algorithm","key":"e_1_3_3_2_51_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G\u00f6ran Larsson and Christer Mattsson. 2024. Public Opinions on Freedom of Speech and Prohibited Hate Speech against Islam and Muslims: Rasmus Paludan Burning of the Quran and Swedish Media. Temenos - Nordic Journal for the Study of Religion 60 1 (June 2024) 131\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33356\/temenos.136834","key":"e_1_3_3_2_52_2","DOI":"10.33356\/temenos.136834"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_53_2","volume-title":"Tough on Hate?: The Cultural Politics of Hate Crimes","author":"Lewis Clara\u00a0S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clara\u00a0S Lewis. 2014. Tough on Hate?: The Cultural Politics of Hate Crimes. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kristian Lum and William Isaac. 2016. To Predict and Serve? Significance 13 5 (Oct. 2016) 14\u201319.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_54_2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-9713.2016.00960.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_55_2","volume-title":"Polisanm\u00e4lda hatbrott 2022 - en sammanst\u00e4llning av de \u00e4renden som hatbrottsmarkerats av polisen [Hate crimes in police reports 2022 - a summary of reports marked as hate crimes by the police]","author":"Lundgren Jon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jon Lundgren and Aravella Lejonstad. 2023. Polisanm\u00e4lda hatbrott 2022 - en sammanst\u00e4llning av de \u00e4renden som hatbrottsmarkerats av polisen [Hate crimes in police reports 2022 - a summary of reports marked as hate crimes by the police]. Technical Report. Brottsf\u00f6rebyggande r\u00e5det (BR\u00c5). Report nr 2023:16."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christopher Lyons and Aki Roberts. 2014. The difference \u201chate\u201d makes in clearing crime: An event history analysis of incident factors. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 30 3 (2014) 268\u2013289.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_56_2","DOI":"10.1177\/1043986214536663"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sean MacAvaney Hong Yao Enyan Yang Kyle Russell Nazli Goharian and Ophir Frieder. 2019. Hate speech detection: Challenges and solutions. PloS one 14 8 (2019) e0221152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0221152","key":"e_1_3_3_2_57_2","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221152"},{"unstructured":"Martin Malmsten Love B\u00f6rjeson and Chris Haffenden. 2020. Playing with Words at the National Library of Sweden \u2013 Making a Swedish BERT. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2007.01658\u00a0[cs.CL]","key":"e_1_3_3_2_58_2"},{"unstructured":"Sandra Mayson. 2019. Bias In Bias Out. Yale Law Journal 128 8 (2019) 2122\u20132473.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_59_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shira Mitchell Eric Potash Solon Barocas Alexander D\u2019Amour and Kristian Lum. 2021. Algorithmic Fairness: Choices Assumptions and Definitions. Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application 8 1 (2021) 141\u2013163.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_60_2","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-statistics-042720-125902"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_2_61_2","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1580"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_62_2","volume-title":"Norbor: Liv och r\u00f6relse under 500 \u00e5r [Northerners: Life and movement over 500 years]","author":"Museet Nordiska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nordiska Museet. 2024. Norbor: Liv och r\u00f6relse under 500 \u00e5r [Northerners: Life and movement over 500 years]. Nordiska Museet i samarbete med Makadam f\u00f6rlag, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James\u00a0J. Nolan Stephen\u00a0M. Haas and Jessica\u00a0S. Napier. 2011. Estimating the Impact of Classification Error on the \u201cStatistical Accuracy\u201d of Uniform Crime Reports. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 27 4 (2011) 497\u2013519.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_63_2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-011-9135-9"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James\u00a0J. Nolan\u00a0III Jack McDevitt Shea Cronin and Amy Farrell. 2004. Learning to See Hate Crimes: A Framework for Understanding and Clarifying Ambiguities in Bias Crime Classification. Criminal Justice Studies 17 1 (2004) 91\u2013105.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_64_2","DOI":"10.1080\/08884310420001679361"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_65_2","volume-title":"Hate Crime Laws: A Practical Guide (2 ed.)","author":"Europe Organization for Security and Co-operation in","year":"2022","unstructured":"Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 2022. Hate Crime Laws: A Practical Guide (2 ed.). Osce\/odihr, Warsaw."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbara Perry and Shahid Alvi. 2012. \u2018We are all vulnerable\u2019: The in terrorem effects of hate crimes. International Review of Victimology 18 1 (2012) 57\u201371.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_66_2","DOI":"10.1177\/0269758011422475"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank\u00a0S. Pezzella and Matthew\u00a0D. Fetzer. 2017. The Likelihood of Injury Among Bias Crimes: An Analysis of General and Specific Bias Types. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32 5 (2017) 703\u2013\u2013729.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_67_2","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515586374"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anchal Rawat Santosh Kumar and Surender\u00a0Singh Samant. 2024. Hate speech detection in social media: Techniques recent trends and future challenges. WIREs Computational Statistics 16 2 (March 2024) e1648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wics.1648","key":"e_1_3_3_2_68_2","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.1648"},{"unstructured":"Regeringskansliet. 2023. Action programme to combat racism against Sami. https:\/\/www.government.se\/information-material\/2023\/02\/action-programme-to-combat-racism-against-sami\/","key":"e_1_3_3_2_69_2"},{"unstructured":"Reuters. 2023. Sweden is considering law change to stop public Koran burnings Aftonbladet reports. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/sweden-is-considering-making-koran-burnings-illegal-aftonbladet-2023-07-06\/","key":"e_1_3_3_2_70_2"},{"unstructured":"Rashida Richardson Jason\u00a0M. Schultz and Kate Crawford. 2019. Dirty Data Bad Predictions: How Civil Rights Violations Impact Police Data Predictive Policing Systems and Justice. New York University Law Review Online 94 (2019) 15\u201355.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_71_2"},{"unstructured":"Rikspolisstyrelsen and \u00c5klagarmyndigheten. 2008. Redovisning av uppdrag ang\u00e5ende hatbrott [An account of a commission concerning hate crime]. Dnr: POA-426-547\/07.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_72_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_2_73_2","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.woah-1.15"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cynthia Rudin. 2019. Stop Explaining Black Box Machine Learning Models for High Stakes Decisions and Use Interpretable Models Instead. Nature Machine Intelligence 1 5 (2019) 206\u2013215.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_74_2","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0048-x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_2_75_2","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1163"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_2_76_2","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198838494.003.0003"},{"unstructured":"M\u00e5rten Schultz. 2023. Understanding why burning the Qur\u2019an isn\u2019t illegal in Sweden means looking at the country\u2019s long-held commitment to freedom of expression. http:\/\/theconversation.com\/understanding-why-burning-the-quran-isnt-illegal-in-sweden-means-looking-at-the-countrys-long-held-commitment-to-freedom-of-expression-211689","key":"e_1_3_3_2_77_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrew Selbst and Solon Barocas. 2018. The Intuitive Appeal of Explainable Machines. Fordham Law Review 87 3 (2018) 1085.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_78_2","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3126971"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esther Shein. 2018. The dangers of automating social programs. Commun. ACM 61 10 (Sept. 2018) 17\u201319.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_79_2","DOI":"10.1145\/3264627"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller\u00a0G. Sheppard Nathaniel\u00a0L. Lawshe and Jack McDevitt. 2021. Hate Crimes in a Cross-Cultural Context.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_80_2","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190264079.013.564"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_2_81_2","DOI":"10.1109\/KHI-HTC60760.2024.10482049"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linda Skitka Kathleen Mosier and Mark Burdick. 1999. Does automation bias decision-making? International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 51 5 (1999) 991\u20131006.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_82_2","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1999.0252"},{"unstructured":"Sveriges Riksdagen. 1965. Brottsbalken [Criminal Code]. SFS nr 1962:700 (Official English Translation).","key":"e_1_3_3_2_83_2"},{"unstructured":"Sveriges Riksdagen. 1974. Kung\u00f6relse om beslutad ny regeringsform [Constitution of Sweden: Instrument of Government]. SFS nr 1974:152 (Official English Translation).","key":"e_1_3_3_2_84_2"},{"unstructured":"Sveriges Riksdagen. 1991. Yttrandefrihetsgrundlag [Constitution of Sweden: Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression]. SFS nr 1991:1469 (Official English Translation).","key":"e_1_3_3_2_85_2"},{"unstructured":"Sveriges Riksdagen. 1993. Regeringens proposition: \u00c5tg\u00e4rder mot rasistisk brottslighet och etnisk diskriminering i arbetslivet [Government bill: Measures against racist crime and ethnic discrimination in working life]. 1993\/94:101.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_86_2"},{"unstructured":"Sveriges Riksdagen. 2002. Regeringens proposition: Hets mot folkgrupp m.m. [Government bill: Incitement against an ethnic group etc.]. 2001\/02:59.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_87_2"},{"unstructured":"Sveriges Riksdagen. 2008. Diskrimineringslag [Discrimination Act]. SFS nr 2008:567 (Non-Official English Translation).","key":"e_1_3_3_2_88_2"},{"unstructured":"Sveriges Riksdagen. 2018. Regeringens proposition: Ett utvidgat straffr\u00e4ttsligt skydd f\u00f6r transpersoner [Government bill: Expanded criminal law protection for transgender people]. 2017\/18:59.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_89_2"},{"unstructured":"Sveriges Riksdagen. 2021. Lag om den officiella statistiken [Official Statistics Act]. SFS nr 2001:99.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_90_2"},{"unstructured":"Armani Syed. 2023. Why Quran Burning Is Making Sweden and Denmark So Anxious. https:\/\/time.com\/6303348\/quran-burning-sweden-denmark\/","key":"e_1_3_3_2_91_2"},{"unstructured":"S\u00e1metinget. 2024. Hatbrott mot samer [The S\u00e1mi in Sweden]]. https:\/\/www.sametinget.se\/samer","key":"e_1_3_3_2_92_2"},{"unstructured":"UK Statistics Authority. 2014. Assessment of compliance with the code of practice for official statistics. Statistics on crime in England and Wales. Assessment Report 268.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_93_2"},{"unstructured":"Hannes Waldetoft Jakob Torgander and M\u00e5ns Magnusson. 2025. Prediction-powered estimators for finite population statistics in highly imbalanced textual data: Public hate crime estimation. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2505.04643\u00a0[cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.04643","key":"e_1_3_3_2_94_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott\u00a0M Walfield Kelly\u00a0M Socia and Rachael\u00a0A Powers. 2017. Religious motivated hate crimes: Reporting to law enforcement and case outcomes. American Journal of Criminal Justice 42 (2017) 148\u2013169.","key":"e_1_3_3_2_95_2","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-016-9349-3"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mark\u00a0Austin Walters. 2014. Conceptualizing 'hostility'for hate crime law: Minding 'the Minutiae'when interpreting Section 28 (1)","key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_3_2_96_2.1","DOI":"10.1093\/ojls\/gqt021"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(a) of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 34 1 (2014) 47-74.","key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_3_2_96_2.2","DOI":"10.1093\/ojls\/gqt021"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_2_97_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-28954-6_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_2_98_2","DOI":"10.1145\/3514094.3534200"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_3_2_99_2","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658991"}],"event":{"acronym":"FAccT '25","name":"FAccT '25: The 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","location":"Athens Greece"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3715275.3732016","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T11:22:14Z","timestamp":1750764134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3715275.3732016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"references-count":99,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3715275.3732016","10.1145\/3715275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3715275.3732016","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}