{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:59:35Z","timestamp":1762869575028,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":55,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"name":"Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)","award":["229061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["229061"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3715275.3732091","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T17:06:36Z","timestamp":1750698396000},"page":"1360-1370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Trustworthiness-based Metaphysics of Artificial Intelligence Systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9968-9474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Ferrario","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland and Institute of Biomedical Ethics and History of Medicine, University of Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"AlgorithmWatch. [n. d.]. AI ethics guidelines global inventory. https:\/\/algorithmwatch.org\/en\/ai-ethics-guidelines-global-inventory\/. Accessed: 2025-01-18."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.\u00a0R. Baker. 2004. The ontology of artifacts. Philosophical Explorations 7 2 (2004) 99\u2013111.","DOI":"10.1080\/13869790410001694462"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.\u00a0R. Baker. 2007. The metaphysics of everyday life: An essay in practical realism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2007).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511487545"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_5_2","series-title":"American Philosophical Association Newsletters","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Newsletter on Philosophy and Computers","author":"Baker L.\u00a0R.","year":"2008","unstructured":"L.\u00a0R. Baker. 2008. The shrinking difference between artifacts and natural objects. In Newsletter on Philosophy and Computers, Piotr Boltuc (Ed.). American Philosophical Association Newsletters, Vol.\u00a007. American Philosophical Association, 2\u20135."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_6_2","volume-title":"Fairness and machine learning: Limitations and opportunities","author":"Barocas S.","year":"2021","unstructured":"S. Barocas, M. Hardt, and A. Narayanan. 2021. Fairness and machine learning: Limitations and opportunities. MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Benk S. Kerstan F. von Wangenheim and A. Ferrario. 2024. Twenty-four years of empirical research on trust in AI: A bibliometric review of trends overlooked issues and future directions. AI & Society (2024) 1\u201324.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-024-02059-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_8_2","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","author":"Binns R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"R. Binns. 2018. Fairness in machine learning: Lessons from political philosophy. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. PMLR, 149\u2013159."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-00801-1_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Carrara and P. Giaretta. 2004. The many facets of identity criteria. Dialectica 58 2 (2004) 221\u2013232.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-8361.2004.tb00298.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Carrara and P.\u00a0E. Vermaas. 2009. The fine-grained metaphysics of artifactual and biological functional kinds. Synthese 169 (2009) 125\u2013143.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-008-9339-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.\u00a0M. Dur\u00e1n and N. Formanek. 2018. Grounds for trust: Essential epistemic opacity and computational reliabilism. Minds and Machines 28 (2018) 645\u2013666.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-018-9481-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5792.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"European Commission. 2018. Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI. https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/library\/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai Accessed: 2025-01-15."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_15_2","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Conference on Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence","author":"Facchini A.","year":"2021","unstructured":"A. Facchini and A. Termine. 2021. Towards a taxonomy for the opacity of AI systems. In Conference on Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence. Springer, 73\u201389."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Ferrario. 2024. Justifying our credences in the trustworthiness of AI systems: A reliabilistic approach. Science and Engineering Ethics 30 6 (2024) 55.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-024-00522-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533202"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Floridi. 2019. Establishing the rules for building trustworthy AI. Nature Machine Intelligence 1 6 (2019) 261\u2013262.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0055-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Floridi J. Cowls T.C. King and M. Taddeo. 2020. How to design AI for social good: Seven essential factors. Science and Engineering Ethics 26 (2020) 1771\u20131796.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-020-00213-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-00801-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_21_2","volume-title":"Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik: Eine logisch-mathematische Untersuchung \u00fcber den Begriff der Zahl","author":"Frege G.","year":"1884","unstructured":"G. Frege. 1884. Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik: Eine logisch-mathematische Untersuchung \u00fcber den Begriff der Zahl. W. Koebner, Breslau."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203756218"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_23_2","unstructured":"Google. [n. d.]. AI principles: Responsible AI practices. https:\/\/ai.google\/responsibility\/principles\/. Accessed: 2025-01-18."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Hatherley and R. Sparrow. 2023. Diachronic and synchronic variation in the performance of adaptive machine learning systems: The ethical challenges. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 30 2 (2023) 361\u2013366.","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocac218"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Hawley. 2014. Trust distrust and commitment. No\u00fbs 48 1 (2014) 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1111\/nous.12000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_26_2","volume-title":"De corpore","author":"Hobbes T.","year":"1655","unstructured":"T. Hobbes. 1655. De corpore. Andrew Crooke, London. Original Latin edition."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445923"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Kaur S. Uslu K.\u00a0J. Rittichier and A. Durresi. 2022. Trustworthy artificial intelligence: A review. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 55 2 (2022) 1\u201338.","DOI":"10.1145\/3491209"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_29_2","volume-title":"31st European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2023)","author":"Knickrehm C.","year":"2023","unstructured":"C. Knickrehm, M. Voss, and M.\u00a0C. Barton. 2023. Can you trust me? Using AI to review more than three decades of AI trust literature. In 31st European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Kornblith. 1980. Referring to artifacts. The Philosophical Review 89 1 (1980) 109\u2013114.","DOI":"10.2307\/2184866"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.A. Kroes and A.W.M. Meijers. 2002. The dual nature of technical artifacts: Presentation of a new research programme. Techn\u00e9 6 2 (2002) 4\u20138.","DOI":"10.5840\/techne2002626"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Li P. Qi B. Liu S. Di J. Liu J. Pei J. Yi and B. Zhou. 2023. Trustworthy AI: From principles to practices. Comput. Surveys 55 9 (2023) 1\u201346.","DOI":"10.1145\/3555803"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_33_2","volume-title":"An essay concerning human understanding","author":"Locke J.","year":"1847","unstructured":"J. Locke. 1847. An essay concerning human understanding. Kay & Troutman."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SDS.2019.00-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E.\u00a0J. Lowe. 1983. On the identity of artifacts. The Journal of Philosophy 80 4 (1983) 220\u2013232.","DOI":"10.2307\/2026005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_36_2","volume-title":"A survey of metaphysics","author":"Lowe E.\u00a0J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"E.\u00a0J. Lowe. 2002. A survey of metaphysics. Vol.\u00a015. Oxford University Press Oxford."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-00801-1_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_38_2","unstructured":"E.\u00a0J. Lowe. 2014. The ontology of artifacts. Philosophical Explorations 17 2 (2014) 98\u2013117."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_39_2","volume-title":"More kinds of being: A further study of individuation, identity, and the logic of sortal terms","author":"Lowe E.\u00a0J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"E.\u00a0J. Lowe. 2015. More kinds of being: A further study of individuation, identity, and the logic of sortal terms. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Mattioli H. Sohier A. Delaborde K. Amokrane-Ferka A. Awadid Z. Chihani S. Khalfaoui and G. Pedroza. 2024. An overview of key trustworthiness attributes and KPIs for trusted ML-based systems engineering. AI and Ethics 4 1 (2024) 15\u201325.","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-023-00394-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_41_2","volume-title":"The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023 ed.)","author":"McLeod C.","year":"2023","unstructured":"C. McLeod. 2023. Trust. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023 ed.), Edward\u00a0N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman (Eds.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_42_2","volume-title":"The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2024 ed.)","author":"Olson E.\u00a0T.","year":"2024","unstructured":"E.\u00a0T. Olson. 2024. Personal identity. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2024 ed.), Edward\u00a0N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman (Eds.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_43_2","volume-title":"A book of set theory","author":"Pinter C.","year":"2014","unstructured":"C. Pinter. 2014. A book of set theory. Courier Corporation."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203442159"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/quin92204"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_46_2","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (4th ed.)","author":"Russell S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"S. Russell and P. Norvig. 2020. Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (4th ed.). Pearson, Upper Saddle River, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Symons and R. Alvarado. 2016. Can we trust Big Data? Applying philosophy of science to software. Big Data & Society 3 2 (2016) 2053951716664747.","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951716664747"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Tallant. 2017. Commitment in cases of trust and distrust. Thought: A Journal of Philosophy 6 4 (2017) 261\u2013267.","DOI":"10.1002\/tht3.259"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.\u00a0M. Turing. 1950. Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind 59 236 (1950) 433\u2013460.","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/LIX.236.433"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3275621"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_51_2","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2021. Artificial Intelligence\/Machine Learning (AI\/ML)-based software as a medical device (SaMD) action plan. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/145022\/ Accessed: 2025-01-15."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O. Vereschak G. Bailly and B. Caramiaux. 2021. How to evaluate trust in AI-assisted decision making? A survey of empirical methodologies. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5 (2021) 1\u201339.","DOI":"10.1145\/3476068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_53_2","volume-title":"What engineers know and how they know it: Analytical studies from aeronautical history","author":"Vincenti W.\u00a0G.","year":"1990","unstructured":"W.\u00a0G. Vincenti. 1990. What engineers know and how they know it: Analytical studies from aeronautical history. Vol.\u00a0141. Johns Hopkins University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_54_2","volume-title":"Samething over time: Studies in the theory of identity","author":"Wiggins D.","year":"1980","unstructured":"D. Wiggins. 1980. Samething over time: Studies in the theory of identity. Oxford University Press, Oxford."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511612756"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118503591"}],"event":{"name":"FAccT '25: The 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","acronym":"FAccT '25","location":"Athens Greece"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3715275.3732091","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T11:07:30Z","timestamp":1750763250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3715275.3732091"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3715275.3732091","10.1145\/3715275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3715275.3732091","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}