{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T04:08:02Z","timestamp":1750824482592,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":48,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/Y015711\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/Y015711\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG\\\\R2\\\\232035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG\\\\R2\\\\232035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004789","name":"John Fell Fund, University of Oxford","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3715275.3732112","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T17:01:18Z","timestamp":1750698078000},"page":"1677-1695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gender Trouble in Language Models: An Empirical Audit Guided by Gender Performativity Theory"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1070-8267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska Sofia","family":"Hafner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8214-8380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Valdivia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom and Institute of Advanced Studies, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9956-1187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc","family":"Rocher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/9781845535865"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658968"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.485"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3157382.3157584"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_2","volume-title":"Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity","author":"Butler Judith","year":"2006","unstructured":"Judith Butler. 2006. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Routledge, New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203828274"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Judith Butler. 2019. Gender in Translation: Beyond Monolingualism. philoSOPHIA: A Journal of Continental Feminism 9 1 (2019) 1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/phi.2019.0011","DOI":"10.1353\/phi.2019.0011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabrielle\u00a0R Chiaramonte and Ronald Friend. 2006. Medical students\u2019 and residents\u2019 gender bias in the diagnosis treatment and interpretation of coronary heart disease symptoms.Health Psychology 25 3 (2006) 255.","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.25.3.255"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zowie Davy. 2015. The DSM-5 and the Politics of Diagnosing Transpeople. Archives of Sexual Behavior 44 5 (July 2015) 1165\u20131176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-015-0573-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-015-0573-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zowie Davy Anniken S\u00f8rlie and Amets\u00a0Suess Schwend. 2018. Democratising diagnoses? The role of the depathologisation perspective in constructing corporeal trans citizenship. Critical Social Policy 38 1 (Feb. 2018) 13\u201334.","DOI":"10.1177\/0261018317731716"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_2","volume-title":"The Second Sex","author":"De\u00a0Beauvoir Simone","year":"1953","unstructured":"Simone De\u00a0Beauvoir. 1953. The Second Sex. Knopf, New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3534627"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jodie\u00a0M. Dewey and Melissa\u00a0M. Gesbeck. 2017. (Dys) Functional Diagnosing: Mental Health Diagnosis Medicalization and the Making of Transgender Patients. Humanity & Society 41 1 (Feb. 2017) 37\u201372.","DOI":"10.1177\/0160597615604651"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"Harnoor Dhingra Preetiha Jayashanker Sayali Moghe and Emma Strubell. 2023. Queer people are people first: Deconstructing sexual identity stereotypes in large language models."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.98"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jack Drescher. 2015. Queer diagnoses revisited: The past and future of homosexuality and gender diagnoses in DSM and ICD. International Review of Psychiatry 27 5 (Sept. 2015) 386\u2013395.","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2015.1053847"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jack Drescher Peggy Cohen-Kettenis and Sam Winter. 2012. Minding the body: Situating gender identity diagnoses in the ICD-11. International Review of Psychiatry 24 6 (Dec. 2012) 568\u2013577.","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2012.741575"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-long.507"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-long.656"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_2","volume-title":"Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite","author":"Foucault Michel","year":"1980","unstructured":"Michel Foucault. 1980. Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite. Pantheon Books, New York. Translated by Richard McDougall."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isabel\u00a0O. Gallegos Ryan\u00a0A. Rossi Joe Barrow Md\u00a0Mehrab Tanjim Sungchul Kim Franck Dernoncourt Tong Yu Ruiyi Zhang and Nesreen\u00a0K. Ahmed. 2024. Bias and Fairness in Large Language Models: A Survey. Computational Linguistics 50 3 (Sept. 2024) 1097\u20131179.","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00524"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5871\/bacad\/9780197264249.003.0010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valentin Hofmann Pratyusha\u00a0Ria Kalluri Dan Jurafsky and Sharese King. 2024. AI Generates Covertly Racist Decisions about People Based on Their Dialect. Nature 633 8028 (Sept. 2024) 147\u2013154.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07856-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emma Inch. 2016. Changing Minds: The Psycho-Pathologization of Trans People. International Journal of Mental Health 45 3 (July 2016) 193\u2013204.","DOI":"10.1080\/00207411.2016.1204822"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_26_2","unstructured":"Albert\u00a0Q. Jiang Alexandre Sablayrolles Arthur Mensch Chris Bamford Devendra\u00a0Singh Chaplot Diego de\u00a0las Casas Florian Bressand Gianna Lengyel Guillaume Lample Lucile Saulnier L\u00e9lio\u00a0Renard Lavaud Marie-Anne Lachaux Pierre Stock Teven\u00a0Le Scao Thibaut Lavril Thomas Wang Timoth\u00e9e Lacroix and William\u00a0El Sayed. 2023. Mistral 7B. arxiv:2310.06825\u00a0[cs.CL]"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Os Keyes. 2018. The Misgendering Machines: Trans\/HCI Implications of Automatic Gender Recognition. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2 CSCW (Nov. 2018) 88:1\u201388:22.","DOI":"10.1145\/3274357"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.848"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.522"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_30_2","unstructured":"Yinhan Liu Myle Ott Naman Goyal Jingfei Du Mandar Joshi Danqi Chen Omer Levy Mike Lewis Luke Zettlemoyer and Veselin Stoyanov. 2019. RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach. arxiv:1907.11692\u00a0[cs.CL]"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renee Molloy Gabrielle Brand Ian Munro and Nicole Pope. 2023. Seeing the complete picture: A systematic review of mental health consumer and health professional experiences of diagnostic overshadowing. Journal of Clinical Nursing 32 9-10 (2023) 1662\u20131673.","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.16151"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thekla Morgenroth and Michelle\u00a0K Ryan. 2018. Gender trouble in social psychology: How can Butler\u2019s work inform experimental social psychologists\u2019 conceptualization of gender?Frontiers in Psychology 9 (2018) 1320.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01320"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594078"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anaelia Ovalle Krunoslav\u00a0Lehman Pavasovic Louis Martin Luke Zettlemoyer Eric\u00a0Michael Smith Adina Williams and Levent Sagun. 2024. The Root Shapes the Fruit: On the Persistence of Gender-Exclusive Harms in Aligned Language Models. arxiv:2411.03700\u00a0[cs]","DOI":"10.1145\/3715275.3732196"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-emnlp.173"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_36_2","unstructured":"Xiangyu Qi Yi Zeng Tinghao Xie Pin-Yu Chen Ruoxi Jia Prateek Mittal and Peter Henderson. 2023. Fine-Tuning Aligned Language Models Compromises Safety Even When Users Do Not Intend To!"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594134"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_38_2","unstructured":"Alec Radford Jeffrey Wu Rewon Child David Luan Dario Amodei and Ilya Sutskever. 2019. Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_39_2","unstructured":"Colin Raffel Noam Shazeer Adam Roberts Katherine Lee Sharan Narang Michael Matena Yanqi Zhou Wei Li and Peter\u00a0J. Liu. 2023. Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer. arxiv:1910.10683\u00a0[cs.LG]"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-long.244"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1339"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_42_2","unstructured":"Irene Solaiman Miles Brundage Jack Clark Amanda Askell Ariel Herbert-Voss Jeff Wu Alec Radford Gretchen Krueger Jong\u00a0Wook Kim Sarah Kreps Miles McCain Alex Newhouse Jason Blazakis Kris McGuffie and Jasmine Wang. 2019. Release Strategies and the Social Impacts of Language Models. arxiv:1908.09203"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.247"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376315"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_45_2","unstructured":"Hugo Touvron Thibaut Lavril Gautier Izacard Xavier Martinet Marie-Anne Lachaux Timoth\u00e9e Lacroix Baptiste Rozi\u00e8re Naman Goyal Eric Hambro Faisal Azhar Aurelien Rodriguez Armand Joulin Edouard Grave and Guillaume Lample. 2023. LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models. arxiv:2302.13971\u00a0[cs.CL]"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekaterina Vylomova Laura Rimell Trevor Cohn and Timothy Baldwin. 2015. Take and took gaggle and goose book and read: Evaluating the utility of vector differences for lexical relation learning.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1158"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_47_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track","author":"Wang Boxin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boxin Wang, Weixin Chen, Hengzhi Pei, Chulin Xie, Mintong Kang, Chenhui Zhang, Chejian Xu, Zidi Xiong, Ritik Dutta, Rylan Schaeffer, Sang\u00a0T. Truong, Simran Arora, Mantas Mazeika, Dan Hendrycks, Zinan Lin, Yu Cheng, Sanmi Koyejo, Dawn Song, and Bo Li. 2023. DecodingTrust: A Comprehensive Assessment of Trustworthiness in GPT Models. In Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track. Curran Associates, Inc., Red Hook, NY, USA, 1\u201362."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monique Wittig. 1985. The mark of gender. Feminist issues 5 2 (1985) 3\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02685575"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_49_2","unstructured":"Amy\u00a0(Azure) Zhou. 2024. Queer Bias in Natural Language Processing: Towards More Expansive Frameworks of Gender and Sexuality in NLP Bias Research. GRACE: Global Review of AI Community Ethics 2 1 (Jan. 2024) 1\u20139."}],"event":{"name":"FAccT '25: The 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","acronym":"FAccT '25","location":"Athens Greece"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3715275.3732112","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T11:12:45Z","timestamp":1750763565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3715275.3732112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3715275.3732112","10.1145\/3715275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3715275.3732112","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}