{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T04:40:20Z","timestamp":1775191220536,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":53,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","award":["216104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["216104"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3715275.3732158","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T17:03:13Z","timestamp":1750698193000},"page":"2318-2348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring Language Patterns of Prompts in Text-to-Image Generation and Their Impact on Visual Diversity"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7700-0097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Teresa","family":"De Rosa Palmini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5330-1259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Cetinic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Dhruv Agarwal Mor Naaman and Aditya Vashistha. 2024. Ai suggestions homogenize writing toward western styles and diminish cultural nuances. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2409.11360 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3635636.3656204"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAICTA53211.2021.9640285"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/12832.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_7_2","volume-title":"Natural language processing with Python: analyzing text with the natural language toolkit","author":"Bird Steven","year":"2009","unstructured":"Steven Bird, Ewan Klein, and Edward Loper. 2009. Natural language processing with Python: analyzing text with the natural language toolkit. \" O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc.\"."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45123-4_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/276698.276781"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37456-2_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eva Cetinic and James She. 2022. Understanding and creating art with AI: Review and outlook. ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications (TOMM) 18 2 (2022) 1\u201322.","DOI":"10.1145\/3475799"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3563657.3596001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00283"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"CivitAI. 2024. Civitai: The home of open-source generative AI. https:\/\/civitai.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael\u00a0A Covington and Joe\u00a0D McFall. 2010. Cutting the Gordian knot: The moving-average type\u2013token ratio (MATTR). Journal of quantitative linguistics 17 2 (2010) 94\u2013100.","DOI":"10.1080\/09296171003643098"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kevin\u00a0T Cunningham and Katarina\u00a0L Haley. 2020. Measuring lexical diversity for discourse analysis in aphasia: Moving-average type\u2013token ratio and word information measure. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 63 3 (2020) 710\u2013721.","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-19-00226"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werner Ebeling and Gregoire Nicolis. 1991. Entropy of symbolic sequences: the role of correlations. Europhysics Letters 14 3 (1991) 191.","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/14\/3\/001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otmar Ertl. 2020. Probminhash\u2013a class of locality-sensitive hash algorithms for the (probability) jaccard similarity. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 34 7 (2020) 3491\u20133506.","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2020.3021176"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"Sedigheh Eslami Gerard de Melo and Christoph Meinel. 2021. Does clip benefit visual question answering in the medical domain as much as it does in the general domain? arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2112.13906 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_20_2","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Proceedings of xCoAx 2023, 11th Conference on Computation, Communication, Aesthetics & X. Edited by Mario Verdicchio, Miguel Carvalhais, Luisa Ribas and Andre Rangel. Porto: i2ADS Research Institute in Art, Design and Society","author":"Grba Dejan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dejan Grba. 2023. Renegade X: Poetic Contingencies in Computational Art. In Proceedings of xCoAx 2023, 11th Conference on Computation, Communication, Aesthetics & X. Edited by Mario Verdicchio, Miguel Carvalhais, Luisa Ribas and Andre Rangel. Porto: i2ADS Research Institute in Art, Design and Society. 201\u2013221."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_21_2","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Arts","author":"Grba Dejan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dejan Grba. 2024. Art Notions in the Age of (Mis) anthropic AI. In Arts, Vol.\u00a013. MDPI, 137."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carla\u00a0W Hess Kelley\u00a0P Ritchie and Richard\u00a0G Landry. 1984. The type-token ratio and vocabulary performance. Psychological Reports 55 1 (1984) 51\u201357.","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1984.55.1.51"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-40165-7_25"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2013.119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Kannan S Karuppusamy A Nedunchezhian P Venkateshan P Wang N Bojja and A Kejariwal. 2016. Big data analytics for social media. Big data: principles and paradigms Cambridge-MA Morgan Kaufmann-Elsevier (2016).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805394-2.00003-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_26_2","unstructured":"Nithish Kannen Arif Ahmad Marco Andreetto Vinodkumar Prabhakaran Utsav Prabhu Adji\u00a0Bousso Dieng Pushpak Bhattacharyya and Shachi Dave. 2024. Beyond aesthetics: Cultural competence in text-to-image models. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2407.06863 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3581641.3584078"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-63416-2_649"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3526113.3545621"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philip\u00a0M McCarthy and Scott Jarvis. 2010. MTLD vocd-D and HD-D: A validation study of sophisticated approaches to lexical diversity assessment. Behavior research methods 42 2 (2010) 381\u2013392.","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.2.381"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-56992-0_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_32_2","unstructured":"Leland McInnes John Healy and James Melville. 2018. Umap: Uniform manifold approximation and projection for dimension reduction. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/1802.03426 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kibum Moon Adam Green and Kostadin Kushlev. 2024. Homogenizing Effect of Large Language Model (LLM) on Creative Diversity: An Empirical Comparison.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/8p9wu_v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_34_2","unstructured":"Francisco\u00a0Javier Moreno\u00a0Arboleda Felipe Cort\u00e9s\u00a0Nore\u00f1a and Benjam\u00edn Cruz\u00a0\u00c1lvarez. 2022. On the Use of Minhash and Locality Sensitive Hashing for Detecting Similar Lyrics. Engineering Letters 30 1 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u00e9goire Nicolis and Pierre Gaspard. 1994. Toward a probabilistic approach to complex systems. Chaos Solitons & Fractals 4 1 (1994) 41\u201357.","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0779(94)90016-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_36_2","unstructured":"Jonas Oppenlaender. 2023. A taxonomy of prompt modifiers for text-to-image generation. Behaviour & Information Technology (2023) 1\u201314."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ville Paananen Jonas Oppenlaender and Aku Visuri. 2023. Using text-to-image generation for architectural design ideation. International Journal of Architectural Computing (2023) 14780771231222783.","DOI":"10.1177\/14780771231222783"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_38_2","unstructured":"Vishakh Padmakumar and He He. 2023. Does Writing with Language Models Reduce Content Diversity? arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2309.05196 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_39_2","unstructured":"Maria-Teresa De\u00a0Rosa Palmini Laura Wagner and Eva Cetinic. 2024. Civiverse: A Dataset for Analyzing User Engagement with Open-Source Text-to-Image Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2408.15261 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_40_2","first-page":"8748","volume-title":"International conference on machine learning","author":"Radford Alec","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alec Radford, Jong\u00a0Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, et\u00a0al. 2021. Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision. In International conference on machine learning. PMLR, 8748\u20138763."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_41_2","unstructured":"Aditya Ramesh Prafulla Dhariwal Alex Nichol Casey Chu and Mark Chen. 2022. Hierarchical text-conditional image generation with clip latents. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2204.06125 1 2 (2022) 3."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Reimers. 2019. Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/1908.10084 (2019).","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1410"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brian Richards. 1987. Type\/token ratios: What do they really tell us? Journal of child language 14 2 (1987) 201\u2013209.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900012885"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3591196.3593051"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_46_2","unstructured":"Chantal Shaib Joe Barrow Jiuding Sun Alexa\u00a0F Siu Byron\u00a0C Wallace and Ani Nenkova. 2024. Standardizing the measurement of text diversity: A tool and a comparative analysis of scores. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2403.00553 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_47_2","first-page":"2187","volume-title":"32nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 23)","author":"Shan Shawn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shawn Shan, Jenna Cryan, Emily Wenger, Haitao Zheng, Rana Hanocka, and Ben\u00a0Y Zhao. 2023. Glaze: Protecting artists from style mimicry by { Text-to-Image} models. In 32nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 23). 2187\u20132204."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAICTA53211.2021.9640295"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_49_2","unstructured":"Mahan Tafreshipour Aaron Imani Eric Huang Eduardo Almeida Thomas Zimmermann and Iftekhar Ahmed. 2024. Prompting in the Wild: An Empirical Study of Prompt Evolution in Software Repositories. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2412.17298 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_50_2","unstructured":"Wenhui Wang Furu Wei Li Dong Hangbo Bao Nan Yang and Ming Zhou. 2020. Minilm: Deep self-attention distillation for task-agnostic compression of pre-trained transformers. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 (2020) 5776\u20135788."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_51_2","unstructured":"Zijie\u00a0J Wang Evan Montoya David Munechika Haoyang Yang Benjamin Hoover and Duen\u00a0Horng Chau. 2022. Diffusiondb: A large-scale prompt gallery dataset for text-to-image generative models. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2210.14896 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_52_2","unstructured":"Lukas\u00a0RA Wilde. 2023. Generative imagery as media form and research field: Introduction to a new paradigm. (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3543507.3587430"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642877"}],"event":{"name":"FAccT '25: The 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","location":"Athens Greece","acronym":"FAccT '25"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3715275.3732158","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T11:15:52Z","timestamp":1750763752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3715275.3732158"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3715275.3732158","10.1145\/3715275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3715275.3732158","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}