{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T21:48:49Z","timestamp":1776116929659,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":71,"publisher":"ACM","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3715275.3732206","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T17:01:18Z","timestamp":1750698078000},"page":"3224-3240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Brief and Wondrous Life of Open Models"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4752-7164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madiha Zahrah","family":"Choksi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Science, Cornell Tech, New York City, New York, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8569-5176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilan","family":"Mandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Science, Cornell Tech, New York City, New York, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1789-5109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Benthall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Law Institute, New York University School of Law, New York City, New York, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Adem Ait Javier Luis\u00a0C\u00e1novas Izquierdo and Jordi Cabot. 2023. On the Suitability of Hugging Face Hub for Empirical Studies. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2307.14841\u00a0[cs.SE] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2307.14841"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"Software testing techniques","author":"Beizer Boris","year":"2003","unstructured":"Boris Beizer. 2003. Software testing techniques. dreamtech Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yochai Benkler and Helen Nissenbaum. 2006. Commons-based Peer Production and Virtue. Journal of Political Philosophy 14 4 (2006) 394\u2013419. 10.1111\/j.1467-9760.2006.00235.x arXiv:https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1467-9760.2006.00235.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9760.2006.00235.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSM.2011.6080832"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rishi Bommasani Sayash Kapoor Kevin Klyman Shayne Longpre Ashwin Ramaswami Daniel Zhang Marietje Schaake Daniel\u00a0E Ho Arvind Narayanan and Percy Liang. 2024. Considerations for governing open foundation models. Science 386 6718 (2024) 151\u2013153.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adp1848"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology 3 2 (2006) 77\u2013101.","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2019. Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative research in sport exercise and health 11 4 (2019) 589\u2013597.","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Kevin Carillo and Chitu Okoli. 2008. The open source movement: a revolution in software development. Journal of Computer Information Systems 49 2 (2008) 1\u20139."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3643991.3644898"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiyang Chen Amin Ghadami and Bogdan\u00a0I Epureanu. 2022. Practical guide to using Kendall\u2019s \u03c4 in the context of forecasting critical transitions. Royal Society Open Science 9 7 (2022) 211346.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.211346"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhifei Chen Wanwangying Ma Lin Chen and Wei Song. 2022. Collaboration in software ecosystems: A study of work groups in open environment. Information and Software Technology 145 (2022) 106849.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2022.106849"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"Madiha\u00a0Zahrah Choksi and James Grimmelmann. 2024. How Licenses Learn. Lewis & Clark Law Review 28 2 (2024) 249\u2013302."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3659019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E.\u00a0Gabriella Coleman. 2005. Three Ethical Moments in Debian. SSRN (September 15 2005). 10.2139\/ssrn.805287","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.805287"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400845293"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533143"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533150"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1882291.1882312"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandre Decan and Tom Mens. 2019. What do package dependencies tell us about semantic versioning? IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 47 6 (2019) 1226\u20131240.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2019.2918315"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edsger\u00a0W Dijkstra and Edsger\u00a0W Dijkstra. 1982. On the role of scientific thought. Selected writings on computing: a personal perspective (1982) 60\u201366.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-5695-3_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolas Ducheneaut. 2005. Socialization in an open source software community: A socio-technical analysis. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) 14 (2005) 323\u2013368.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-005-9000-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_24_2","volume-title":"Working in public: the making and maintenance of open source software","author":"Eghbal Nadia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nadia Eghbal. 2020. Working in public: the making and maintenance of open source software. Stripe Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_25_2","unstructured":"Francisco Eiras Aleksandar Petrov Bertie Vidgen Christian\u00a0Schroeder de Witt Fabio Pizzati Katherine Elkins Supratik Mukhopadhyay Adel Bibi Botos Csaba Fabro Steibel Fazl Barez Genevieve Smith Gianluca Guadagni Jon Chun Jordi Cabot Joseph\u00a0Marvin Imperial Juan\u00a0A. Nolazco-Flores Lori Landay Matthew Jackson Paul R\u00f6ttger Philip H.\u00a0S. Torr Trevor Darrell Yong\u00a0Suk Lee and Jakob Foerster. 2024. Near to Mid-term Risks and Opportunities of Open-Source Generative AI. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2404.17047\u00a0[cs.LG] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2404.17047"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AH El-Shaarawi and Stefan\u00a0P Niculescu. 1992. On Kendall\u2019s tau as a test of trend in time series data. Environmetrics 3 4 (1992) 385\u2013411.","DOI":"10.1002\/env.3170030403"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabio Ferreira Hudson\u00a0Silva Borges and Marco\u00a0Tulio Valente. 2022. On the (un-) adoption of JavaScript front-end frameworks. Software: Practice and Experience 52 4 (2022) 947\u2013966.","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.3044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patrick\u00a0Loic Foalem Foutse Khomh and Heng Li. 2024. Studying logging practice in machine learning-based applications. Information and Software Technology 170 (2024) 107450.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2024.107450"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33442-9_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533241"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_31_2","unstructured":"Anjali Gopal Nathan Helm-Burger Lennart Justen Emily\u00a0H. Soice Tiffany Tzeng Geetha Jeyapragasan Simon Grimm Benjamin Mueller and Kevin\u00a0M. Esvelt. 2023. Will releasing the weights of future large language models grant widespread access to pandemic agents? arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2310.18233\u00a0[cs.AI] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2310.18233"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert Gorwa and Michael Veale. 2024. Moderating model marketplaces: platform governance puzzles for AI intermediaries. Law Innovation and Technology 16 2 (2024) 341\u2013391.","DOI":"10.1080\/17579961.2024.2388914"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_33_2","unstructured":"Aaron Grattafiori Abhimanyu Dubey Abhinav Jauhri Abhinav Pandey Abhishek Kadian Ahmad Al-Dahle Aiesha Letman Akhil Mathur Alan Schelten Alex Vaughan et\u00a0al. 2024. The Llama 3 Herd of Models. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2407.21783\u00a0[cs.AI] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2407.21783"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_34_2","unstructured":"James Grimmelmann. 2015. Copyright for literate robots. Iowa L. Rev. 101 (2015) 657."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F\u00a0S Grodzinsky K Miller and M\u00a0J Wolf. 2003. Ethical Issues in Open Source Software. Journal of Information Communication and Ethics in Society 1 4 (nov 2003) 193\u2013205. 10.1108\/14779960380000235","DOI":"10.1108\/14779960380000235"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_36_2","volume-title":"MLX: Efficient and flexible machine learning on Apple silicon","author":"Hannun Awni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Awni Hannun, Jagrit Digani, Angelos Katharopoulos, and Ronan Collobert. 2023. MLX: Efficient and flexible machine learning on Apple silicon. Apple, Inc. https:\/\/github.com\/ml-explore"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_37_2","unstructured":"Julian Hazell. 2023. Spear Phishing With Large Language Models. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2305.06972\u00a0[cs.CY] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2305.06972"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2501543.2501550"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_39_2","unstructured":"Open\u00a0Source Initiative. 2024. The Open Source Initiative Announces the Release of the Industry\u2019s First Open Source AI Definition. https:\/\/opensource.org\/blog\/the-open-source-initiative-announces-the-release-of-the-industrys-first-open-source-ai-definition"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_40_2","unstructured":"Sayash Kapoor Rishi Bommasani Kevin Klyman Shayne Longpre Ashwin Ramaswami Peter Cihon Aspen Hopkins Kevin Bankston Stella Biderman Miranda Bogen et\u00a0al. 2024. On the societal impact of open foundation models. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2403.07918 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822389002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3647782.3647803"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_43_2","unstructured":"Teven Le\u00a0Scao Angela Fan Christopher Akiki Ellie Pavlick Suzana Ili\u0107 Daniel Hesslow Roman Castagn\u00e9 Alexandra\u00a0Sasha Luccioni Fran\u00e7ois Yvon Matthias Gall\u00e9 et\u00a0al. 2023. Bloom: A 176b-parameter open-access multilingual language model. (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3659005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287596"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Helen Nissenbaum. 1996. Accountability in a Computerized Society. Science and Engineering Ethics 2 1 (mar 1996) 25\u201342. 10.1007\/BF02639315","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02639315"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC9518"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cailean Osborne Jennifer Ding and Hannah\u00a0Rose Kirk. 2024. The AI community building the future? A quantitative analysis of development activity on Hugging Face Hub. Journal of Computational Social Science 7 2 (01 10 2024) 2067\u20132105. 10.1007\/s42001-024-00300-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s42001-024-00300-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511807763"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D.\u00a0L. Parnas. 1972. On the criteria to be used in decomposing systems into modules. Commun. ACM 15 12 (Dec. 1972) 1053\u20131058. 10.1145\/361598.361623","DOI":"10.1145\/361598.361623"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3643916.3644412"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_53_2","unstructured":"Jason Phang Herbie Bradley Leo Gao Louis Castricato and Stella Biderman. 2022. EleutherAI: Going Beyond \"Open Science\" to \"Science in the Open\". arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2210.06413\u00a0[cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2210.06413"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_55_2","unstructured":"Daniele Procida. [n. d.]. Di\u00e1taxis documentation framework. https:\/\/diataxis.fr\/ ORCID: https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5141-7509."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eric Raymond. 1999. The cathedral and the bazaar. Knowledge Technology & Policy 12 3 (01 09 1999) 23\u201349. 10.1007\/s12130-999-1026-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s12130-999-1026-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5326.003.0019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSR.2012.6224297"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3593981"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57735-7_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_61_2","unstructured":"Alek Tarkowski. 2025. Data Governance in Open Source AI: Enabling Responsible and Systemic Access. https:\/\/opensource.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/2025-OSI-DataGovernanceOSAI-final-v5.pdf In partnership with the Open Source Initiative. Version 1.0 published January 22 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_62_2","unstructured":"Hugo Touvron Thibaut Lavril Gautier Izacard Xavier Martinet Marie-Anne Lachaux Timoth\u00e9e Lacroix Baptiste Rozi\u00e8re Naman Goyal Eric Hambro Faisal Azhar et\u00a0al. 2023. Llama: Open and efficient foundation language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2302.13971 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_63_2","unstructured":"Hugo Touvron Louis Martin Kevin Stone Peter Albert Amjad Almahairi Yasmine Babaei Nikolay Bashlykov Soumya Batra Prajjwal Bhargava Shruti Bhosale et\u00a0al. 2023. Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2307.09288\u00a0[cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2307.09288"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SDS60720.2024.00036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_65_2","unstructured":"Matt White Ibrahim Haddad Cailean Osborne Xiao-Yang\u00a0Yanglet Liu Ahmed Abdelmonsef Sachin Varghese and Arnaud\u00a0Le Hors. 2024. The Model Openness Framework: Promoting Completeness and Openness for Reproducibility Transparency and Usability in Artificial Intelligence. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2403.13784\u00a0[cs.LG] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2403.13784"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658973"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"David\u00a0Gray Widder and Dawn Nafus. 2023. Dislocated Accountabilities in the \u201cAI Supply Chain\u201d: Modularity and Developers\u2019 Notions of Responsibility. SAGE Big Data & Society 10 1 (jan 2023) 20539517231177620. 10.1177\/20539517231177620","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517231177620"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533779"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"David\u00a0Gray Widder Meredith Whittaker and Sarah\u00a0Myers West. 2024. Why \u2019open\u2019 AI systems are actually closed and why this matters. Nature 635 8040 (01 11 2024) 827\u2013833. 10.1038\/s41586-024-08141-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08141-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas Wolf Lysandre Debut Victor Sanh Julien Chaumond Clement Delangue Anthony Moi Pierric Cistac Tim Rault R\u00e9mi Louf Morgan Funtowicz Joe Davison Sam Shleifer Patrick von Platen Clara Ma Yacine Jernite Julien Plu Canwen Xu Teven\u00a0Le Scao Sylvain Gugger Mariama Drame Quentin Lhoest and Alexander\u00a0M. Rush. 2020. HuggingFace\u2019s Transformers: State-of-the-art Natural Language Processing. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/1910.03771\u00a0[cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1910.03771","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-demos.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_71_2","unstructured":"Carole-Jean Wu Ramya Raghavendra Udit Gupta Bilge Acun Newsha Ardalani Kiwan Maeng Gloria Chang Fiona Aga Jinshi Huang Charles Bai et\u00a0al. 2022. Sustainable ai: Environmental implications challenges and opportunities. Proceedings of Machine Learning and Systems 4 (2022) 795\u2013813."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2597073.2597116"}],"event":{"name":"FAccT '25: The 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","location":"Athens Greece","acronym":"FAccT '25"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3715275.3732206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T11:04:44Z","timestamp":1750763084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3715275.3732206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3715275.3732206","10.1145\/3715275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3715275.3732206","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}