{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T05:05:52Z","timestamp":1750309552206,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Information presentation problems on interactive dashboards are known to hinder decision-making. Since a traditional user-centred approach to designing usable dashboards cannot fully satisfy user demands, needs and skills, we isolate behavioural indicators of usability when users conduct typical information-seeking and comparison tasks. In a first study (N\u2009=\u200950), we identified strategies derived from 486,435 interaction events logged in a controlled setting with synthetic dashboards. User models consisting of these user strategies and graph literacy produced strong signals indicating that usability was predictable. In a second study (N\u2009=\u200965), we tested the initial insights on real-world dashboards. While most of our hypotheses were confirmed, graph literacy emerged as the best predictor of usability. Usability was better predicted in dashboards with problems, suggesting promising opportunities for automated usability evaluation and real-time support for users struggling with visual analytics dashboards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3715710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T15:58:08Z","timestamp":1738684688000},"page":"1-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Behavioural Indicators of Usability in Visual Analytics Dashboards"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6116-2332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alhamadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Decision Support Center, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9062-9528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hatim","family":"Alsayahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9305-4774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Clinch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4768-7623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markel","family":"Vigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"363","volume-title":"OTM Confederated International Conferences \u201cOn the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems\u201d","author":"Aksu \u00dcnal","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u00dcnal Aksu, Adela del R\u00edo-Ortega, Manuel Resinas, and Hajo A. Reijers. 2019. An approach for the automated generation of engaging dashboards. In OTM Confederated International Conferences \u201cOn the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems\u201d. Springer, 363\u2013384."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"20","volume-title":"ASCILITE 2016 Conference Proceedings: Show Me The Learning","author":"Alhadad Sakinah S. J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sakinah S. J. Alhadad. 2016. Attentional and cognitive processing of analytics visualisations: Can design features affect interpretations and decisions about learning and teaching. In ASCILITE 2016 Conference Proceedings: Show Me The Learning, 20\u201332."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Mohammed Alhamadi. 2023. The Supplementary Material to this Paper. Retrieved from https:\/\/jmp.sh\/FMM2rUZR"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Nordic Human-Computer Interaction Conference (NORDICHI \u201922)","author":"Alhamadi Mohammed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohammed Alhamadi, Omar Alghamdi, Sarah Clinch, and Markel Vigo. 2022. Data quality, mismatched expectations, and moving requirements: The challenges of user-centred dashboard design. In Proceedings of the Nordic Human-Computer Interaction Conference (NORDICHI \u201922). ACM, New York, NY, 1\u201314. DOI: 10.1145\/3546155.3546708"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohammed Alhamadi Sarah Clinch and Markel Vigo. 2022. Interactive information dashboards user performance and interaction patterns (Dataset). DOI: 10.48420\/21335622","DOI":"10.48420\/21335622"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1145\/3503252.3531296","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization","author":"Alhamadi Mohammed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohammed Alhamadi, Sarah Clinch, and Markel Vigo. 2022. Modeling user strategies on interactive information dashboards. In Proceedings of the 30th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. ACM, New York, NY, 191\u2013201. DOI: 10.1145\/3503252.3531296"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9990933","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9990933","article-title":"Usability evaluation of dashboards: A systematic literature review of tools","volume":"2023","author":"Almasi Sohrab","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sohrab Almasi, Kambiz Bahaadinbeigy, Hossein Ahmadi, Solmaz Sohrabei, and Reza Rabiei. 2023. Usability evaluation of dashboards: A systematic literature review of tools. BioMed Research International 2023, 1 (2023), 9990933.","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1145\/3565472.3595646","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization","author":"Alsayahani Hatim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hatim Alsayahani. 2023. Overcoming customisation challenges in information dashboards. In Proceedings of the 31st ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. ACM, New York, NY, 285\u2013289. DOI: 10.1145\/3565472.3595646"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1145\/3213586.3213590","volume-title":"Adjunct Publication of the 26th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization","author":"Arjun Somnath","year":"2018","unstructured":"Somnath Arjun. 2018. Personalizing data visualization and interaction. In Adjunct Publication of the 26th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. ACM, New York, NY, 199\u2013202."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"342","article-title":"Dashboard design patterns","volume":"29","author":"Bach Benjamin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Benjamin Bach, Euan Freeman, Alfie Abdul-Rahman, Cagatay Turkay, Saiful Khan, Yulei Fan, and Min Chen. 2022. Dashboard design patterns. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 29, 1 (2022), 342\u2013352.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2022.104051","article-title":"Supporting rural public health practice to address local-level social determinants of health across Northwest states: development of an interactive visualization dashboard","volume":"129","author":"Backonja Uba","year":"2022","unstructured":"Uba Backonja, Seungeun Park, Amae Kurre, Hayley Yudelman, Sam Heindel, Melinda Schultz, Greg Whitman, Anne M. Turner, Natasza T. Marchak, and Betty Bekemeier. 2022. Supporting rural public health practice to address local-level social determinants of health across Northwest states: development of an interactive visualization dashboard. Journal of Biomedical Informatics 129 (2022), 104051.","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1145\/2818993","article-title":"How colors in business dashboards affect users\u2019 decision making","volume":"59","author":"Bera Palash","year":"2016","unstructured":"Palash Bera. 2016. How colors in business dashboards affect users\u2019 decision making. Communications of the ACM 59, 4 (2016), 50\u201357.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Jan Biniok. 1999. Tampermonkey Userscript Manager Browser Extension. Retrieved from https:\/\/github.com\/Tampermonkey\/tampermonkey"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun Virginia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3, 2 (2006), 77\u2013101.","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-0617-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-72079-9_1","volume-title":"The Adaptive Web","author":"Brusilovsky Peter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peter Brusilovsky and Eva Mill\u00e1n. 2007. User models for adaptive hypermedia and adaptive educational systems. In The Adaptive Web. Springer, Berlin, 3\u201353."},{"issue":"04","key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1757553","article-title":"Developing the VA geriatric scholars programs\u2019 clinical dashboards using the PDSA framework for quality improvement","volume":"13","author":"Burningham Zachary","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zachary Burningham, Regina Richter Lagha, Brittany Duford-Hutchinson, Carol Callaway-Lane, Brian C. Sauer, Ahmad S. Halwani, Jamie Bell, Tina Huynh, Joseph R. Douglas, and B. Josea Kramer. 2022. Developing the VA geriatric scholars programs\u2019 clinical dashboards using the PDSA framework for quality improvement. Applied Clinical Informatics 13, 04 (2022), 961\u2013970.","journal-title":"Applied Clinical Informatics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/jhom-04-2017-0088"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-42293-5_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play (CHI PLAY \u201918)","author":"Charleer Sven","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sven Charleer, Kathrin Gerling, Francisco Guti\u00e9rrez, Hans Cauwenbergh, Bram Luycx, and Katrien Verbert. 2018. Real-time dashboards to support esports spectating. In Proceedings of the 2018 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play (CHI PLAY \u201918). ACM, New York, NY, 59\u201371. DOI: 10.1145\/3242671.3242680"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"448","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries","author":"Chrysantina Aprisa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aprisa Chrysantina and Johan Ivar S\u00e6b\u00f8. 2019. Assessing user-designed dashboards: A case for developing data visualization competency. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries. Springer, Heidelberg, 448\u2013459."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/43819"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.5220\/0006325601200131","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Supported Education (CSEDU \u201917)","author":"Dabbebi In\u00e8s","year":"2017","unstructured":"In\u00e8s Dabbebi, S\u00e9bastien Iksal, Jean-Marie Gilliot, Madeth May, and Serge Garlatti. 2017. Towards adaptive dashboards for learning analytic: An approach for conceptual design and implementation. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Supported Education (CSEDU \u201917). SCITEPRESS \u2013 Science and Technology Publications, Set\u00fabal, Portugal, 120\u2013131. DOI: 10.5220\/0006325601200131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"2039","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting","volume":"60","author":"Desai Yogeeta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yogeeta Desai, Steven Jiang, and Lauren Davis. 2016. Evaluation of dashboard interactivity for a local foodbank. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Vol. 60. SAGE Publications, Los Angeles, CA, 2039\u20132042."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"372","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Diamond Sara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sara Diamond, Rittika Basu, Shunrong Cao, and Ajaz Hussain. 2021. The Canadian cultural diversity dashboard: Data storytelling and visualization for the cultural sector. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Springer, 372\u2013384."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"872","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Morris DiMicco Joan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Joan Morris DiMicco and Nancy Mann. 2016. User research to inform product design: Turning failure into small successes. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, NY, 872\u2013879."},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v15i17.15041","article-title":"Data visualisation literacy in higher education: An exploratory study of understanding of a learning dashboard tool","volume":"15","author":"Donohoe David","year":"2020","unstructured":"David Donohoe and Eamon Costello. 2020. Data visualisation literacy in higher education: An exploratory study of understanding of a learning dashboard tool. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 15, 17 (2020), 115\u2013126.","journal-title":"International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET)"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocx042","article-title":"The impact of home care nurses\u2019 numeracy and graph literacy on comprehension of visual display information: Implications for dashboard design","volume":"25","author":"Dowding Dawn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dawn Dowding, Jacqueline A. Merrill, Nicole Onorato, Yolanda Barr\u00f3n, Robert J. Rosati, and David Russell. 2018. The impact of home care nurses\u2019 numeracy and graph literacy on comprehension of visual display information: Implications for dashboard design. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 25, 2 (2018), 175\u2013182.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2014.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"635","volume-title":"AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings","volume":"2017","author":"Dowding Dawn W.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dawn W. Dowding, David Russell, Karyn Jonas, Nicole Onorato, Yolanda Barr\u00f3n, Rn Jaqueline A Merrill, and Robert J. Rosati. 2017. Does level of numeracy and graph literacy impact comprehension of quality targets? Findings from a survey of home care nurses. In AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 2017. American Medical Informatics Association, 635."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Proceedings of the British HCI Conference 2007","author":"Ehmke C.","year":"2007","unstructured":"C. Ehmke and S. Wilson. 2007. Identifying web usability problems from eyetracking data. In Proceedings of the British HCI Conference 2007, 119\u2013128. Retrieved from http:\/\/ewic.bcs.org\/content\/ConWebDoc\/13298"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.07.308","article-title":"A comparison of partial least squares (PLS) and ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions in predicting of couples mental health based on their communicational patterns","volume":"5","author":"Farahani Hojjat A.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hojjat A. Farahani, Abbas Rahiminezhad, Laleh Same, et al. 2010. A comparison of partial least squares (PLS) and ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions in predicting of couples mental health based on their communicational patterns. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 5 (2010), 1459\u20131463.","journal-title":"Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","volume-title":"Information Dashboard Design: The Effective Visual Communication of Data","author":"Stephen Few","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stephen Few. 2006. Information Dashboard Design: The Effective Visual Communication of Data. O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc., Sebastopol, CA, USA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","volume-title":"Information Dashboard Design: Displaying Data for At-a-Glance Monitoring","author":"Stephen Few","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stephen Few. 2013. Information Dashboard Design: Displaying Data for At-a-Glance Monitoring, Vol. 81. Analytics Press, Burlingame, CA."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","first-page":"3389","article-title":"SPMF: A Java open-source pattern mining library","volume":"15","author":"Fournier-Viger Philippe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Philippe Fournier-Viger, Antonio Gomariz, Ted Gueniche, Azadeh Soltani, Cheng-Wei Wu, Vincent S. Tseng, et al. 2014. SPMF: A Java open-source pattern mining library. Journal of Machine Learning Research 15, 1 (2014), 3389\u20133393.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Fournier-Viger Philippe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Philippe Fournier-Viger, Cheng-Wei Wu, Antonio Gomariz, and Vincent S. Tseng. 2014. VMSP: Efficient vertical mining of maximal sequential patterns. In Proceedings of the Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Springer, Berlin, 83\u201394."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2016.33","article-title":"Lessons learned from designing visualization dashboards","volume":"36","author":"Froese Maria-Elena","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maria-Elena Froese and Melanie Tory. 2016. Lessons learned from designing visualization dashboards. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 36, 2 (2016), 83\u201389.","journal-title":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201900)","author":"Fr\u00f8kj\u00e6r Erik","year":"2000","unstructured":"Erik Fr\u00f8kj\u00e6r, Morten Hertzum, and Kasper Hornb\u00e6k. 2000. Measuring usability: are effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction really correlated? In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201900). ACM, New York, NY, 345\u2013352. DOI: 10.1145\/332040.332455"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X10373805","article-title":"Graph literacy: A cross-cultural comparison","volume":"31","author":"Galesic Mirta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mirta Galesic and Rocio Garcia-Retamero. 2011. Graph literacy: A cross-cultural comparison. Medical Decision Making 31, 3 (2011), 444\u2013457.","journal-title":"Medical Decision Making"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2010.164","article-title":"How information visualization novices construct visualizations","volume":"16","author":"Grammel Lars","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lars Grammel, Melanie Tory, and Margaret-Anne Storey. 2010. How information visualization novices construct visualizations. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 16, 6 (2010), 943\u2013952.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208591","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u2019 12)","author":"Huang Jeff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jeff Huang, Ryen White, and Georg Buscher. 2012. User see, user point: Gaze and cursor alignment in web search. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u2019 12). ACM, New York, NY, 1341\u20131350. DOI: 10.1145\/2207676.2208591"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1145\/3236024.3275530","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 26th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","author":"Ivanov Vladimir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vladimir Ivanov, Vladislav Pischulin, Alan Rogers, Giancarlo Succi, Jooyong Yi, and Vasilii Zorin. 2018. Design and validation of precooked developer dashboards. In Proceedings of the 2018 26th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering. ACM, New York, NY, 821\u2013826."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Effective dashboard design","volume":"26","author":"Janes Andrea","year":"2013","unstructured":"Andrea Janes, Alberto Sillitti, and Giancarlo Succi. 2013. Effective dashboard design. Cutter IT Journal 26, 1 (2013), 17\u201324.","journal-title":"Cutter IT Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1145\/3170358.3170421","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK \u201918)","author":"Jivet Ioana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ioana Jivet, Maren Scheffel, Marcus Specht, and Hendrik Drachsler. 2018. License to evaluate: Preparing learning analytics dashboards for educational practice. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK \u201918). ACM, New York, NY, 31\u201340. DOI: 10.1145\/3170358.3170421"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.01.048"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1080\/21681376.2014.983149","article-title":"Knowing and governing cities through urban indicators, city benchmarking and real-time dashboards","volume":"2","author":"Kitchin Rob","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rob Kitchin, Tracey P. Lauriault, and Gavin McArdle. 2015. Knowing and governing cities through urban indicators, city benchmarking and real-time dashboards. Regional Studies, Regional Science 2, 1 (2015), 6\u201328.","journal-title":"Regional Studies, Regional Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888901000108","article-title":"Personalised hypermedia presentation techniques for improving online customer relationships","volume":"16","author":"Kobsa Alfred","year":"2001","unstructured":"Alfred Kobsa, J\u00fcrgen Koenemann, and Wolfgang Pohl. 2001. Personalised hypermedia presentation techniques for improving online customer relationships. The Knowledge Engineering Review 16, 2 (2001), 111\u2013155.","journal-title":"The Knowledge Engineering Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1286","article-title":"A diabetes dashboard and physician efficiency and accuracy in accessing data needed for high-quality diabetes care","volume":"9","author":"Koopman Richelle J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Richelle J. Koopman, Karl M. Kochendorfer, Joi L. Moore, David R. Mehr, Douglas S. Wakefield, Borchuluun Yadamsuren, Jared S. Coberly, Robin L. Kruse, Bonnie J. Wakefield, and Jeffery L. Belden. 2011. A diabetes dashboard and physician efficiency and accuracy in accessing data needed for high-quality diabetes care. The Annals of Family Medicine 9, 5 (2011), 398\u2013405.","journal-title":"The Annals of Family Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","unstructured":"Max Kuhn. 2019. The Caret Package. Retrieved October 2 2022 from https:\/\/topepo.github.io\/caret\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computing in Urban Planning and Urban Management (CUPUM \u201915)","author":"Lee David","year":"2015","unstructured":"David Lee, Jesus Ricardo Alvarez Felix, Shan He, Dietmar Offenhuber, and Carlo Ratti. 2015. CityEye: Real-time visual dashboard for managing urban services and citizen feedback loops. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computing in Urban Planning and Urban Management (CUPUM \u201915), 7\u201310."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2007.9969","article-title":"A navigation flow map method of representing students\u2019 searching behaviors and strategies on the web, with relation to searching outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Lin Chia-Ching","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chia-Ching Lin and Chin-Chung Tsai. 2007. A navigation flow map method of representing students\u2019 searching behaviors and strategies on the web, with relation to searching outcomes. CyberPsychology & Behavior 10, 5 (2007), 689\u2013695.","journal-title":"CyberPsychology & Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","first-page":"4108","volume-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","volume":"30","author":"Lin Yanna","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yanna Lin, Haotian Li, Aoyu Wu, Yong Wang, and Huamin Qu. 2023. Dashboard design mining and recommendation. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 30, 7 (2023), 4108\u20134121."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","first-page":"78","article-title":"The effects of visualisation literacy and data storytelling dashboards on teachers\u2019 cognitive load","volume":"40","author":"Liu Yuchen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuchen Liu, Stanislav Pozdniakov, and Roberto Martinez-Maldonado. 2022. The effects of visualisation literacy and data storytelling dashboards on teachers\u2019 cognitive load. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology 40, 1 (2022), 78\u201393.","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2018.01.006","article-title":"Data science empowering the public: Data-driven dashboards for transparent and accountable decision-making in smart cities","volume":"37","author":"Matheus Ricardo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ricardo Matheus, Marijn Janssen, and Devender Maheshwari. 2018. Data science empowering the public: Data-driven dashboards for transparent and accountable decision-making in smart cities. Government Information Quarterly 37, 3 (2018), 101284.","journal-title":"Government Information Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-2012-0072","article-title":"Exploring user and system requirements of linked data visualization through a visual dashboard approach","volume":"5","author":"Mazumdar Suvodeep","year":"2014","unstructured":"Suvodeep Mazumdar, Daniela Petrelli, and Fabio Ciravegna. 2014. Exploring user and system requirements of linked data visualization through a visual dashboard approach. Semantic Web 5, 3 (2014), 203\u2013220.","journal-title":"Semantic Web"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2020.113322","article-title":"The effect of interactive analytical dashboard features on situation awareness and task performance","volume":"135","author":"Nadj Mario","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mario Nadj, Alexander Maedche, and Christian Schieder. 2020. The effect of interactive analytical dashboard features on situation awareness and task performance. Decision Support Systems 135 (2020), 113322.","journal-title":"Decision Support Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","unstructured":"University of California Santa Cruz. 2023. The University of California Santa Cruz Dashboard. Retrieved August 2 2023 from https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/UCSCDashboard"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","unstructured":"University of New Mexico. 2023. The University of New Mexico Dashboard. Retrieved August 2 2023 from https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/UNMDashboard"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2020.1272"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X19829728","article-title":"Using the short graph literacy scale to predict precursors of health behavior change","volume":"39","author":"Okan Yasmina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yasmina Okan, Eva Janssen, Mirta Galesic, and Erika A. Waters. 2019. Using the short graph literacy scale to predict precursors of health behavior change. Medical Decision Making 39, 3 (2019), 183\u2013195.","journal-title":"Medical Decision Making"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Visualization Theory and Applications","volume":"3","author":"Orlov Pavel A.","unstructured":"Pavel A. Orlov, Tatiana Ermolova, Vladimir Laptev, Alexey Mitrofanov, and Vladimir Ivanov. 2016. The eye-tracking study of the line charts in dashboards design. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Visualization Theory and Applications, Vol. 3. SCITEPRESS \u2013 Science and Technology Publications, Set\u00fabal, Portugal, 203\u2013211."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2022.3209421"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd IKDD Conference on Data Sciences (CODS-IKDD \u201915)","author":"Pathak Apurva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Apurva Pathak, Bidyut Kr Patra, Arnab Chakraborty, and Abhishek Agarwal. 2015. A city traffic dashboard using social network data. In Proceedings of the 2nd IKDD Conference on Data Sciences (CODS-IKDD \u201915). ACM, New York, NY, 1\u20134. DOI: 10.1145\/2778865.2778873"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference (LAK \u201923)","author":"Pozdniakov Stanislav","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stanislav Pozdniakov, Roberto Martinez-Maldonado, Yi-Shan Tsai, Vanessa Echeverria, Namrata Srivastava, and Dragan Gasevic. 2023. How do teachers use dashboards enhanced with data storytelling elements according to their data visualisation literacy skills? In Proceedings of the 13th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference (LAK \u201923). ACM, New York, NY, 89\u201399. DOI: 10.1145\/3576050.3576063"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-017-9316-1","article-title":"Give me a customizable dashboard: Personalized learning analytics dashboards in higher education","volume":"22","author":"Roberts Lynne D.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lynne D. Roberts, Joel A. Howell, and Kristen Seaman. 2017. Give me a customizable dashboard: Personalized learning analytics dashboards in higher education. Technology, Knowledge and Learning 22, 3 (2017), 317\u2013333.","journal-title":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2864903","article-title":"What do we talk about when we talk about dashboards","volume":"25","author":"Sarikaya Alper","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alper Sarikaya, Michael Correll, Lyn Bartram, Melanie Tory, and Danyel Fisher. 2018. What do we talk about when we talk about dashboards? IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 25, 1 (2018), 682\u2013692.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2016.2599522","article-title":"Perceiving learning at a glance: A systematic literature review of learning dashboard research","volume":"10","author":"Schwendimann Beat A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beat A. Schwendimann, Maria Jesus Rodriguez-Triana, Andrii Vozniuk, Luis P. Prieto, Mina Shirvani Boroujeni, Adrian Holzer, Denis Gillet, and Pierre Dillenbourg. 2016. Perceiving learning at a glance: A systematic literature review of learning dashboard research. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies 10, 1 (2016), 30\u201341.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1109\/VL.1996.545307","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages (VL \u201896)","author":"Shneiderman Ben","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ben Shneiderman. 1996. The eyes have it: A task by data type taxonomy for information visualizations. In Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages (VL \u201896). IEEE Computer Society, USA, 336."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Srinivasan Arjun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arjun Srinivasan, Matthew Brehmer, Bongshin Lee, and Steven M. Drucker. 2018. What\u2019s the difference? Evaluating variations of multi-series bar charts for visual comparison tasks. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1\u201312."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","first-page":"176","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Objects, Components, Models and Patterns","author":"Strugar Dragos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dragos Strugar. 2019. Complex systems: On design and architecture of adaptable dashboards. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Objects, Components, Models and Patterns. Springer, 176\u2013186."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","unstructured":"Tableau. 2020. Tableau\u2019s Best Practices for Effective Dashboards. Retrieved from https:\/\/help.tableau.com\/current\/pro\/desktop\/en-us\/dashboards_best_practices.htm"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2656343","article-title":"Using interaction data to explain difficulty navigating online","volume":"8","author":"Thomas Paul","year":"2014","unstructured":"Paul Thomas. 2014. Using interaction data to explain difficulty navigating online. ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB) 8, 4 (2014), 1\u201341.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.11.107","article-title":"Designing manufacturing dashboards on the basis of a Key Performance Indicator survey","volume":"57","author":"Tokola Henri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Henri Tokola, Christoph Gr\u00f6ger, Eeva J\u00e4rvenp\u00e4\u00e4, and Esko Niemi. 2016. Designing manufacturing dashboards on the basis of a Key Performance Indicator survey. Procedia CIRP 57 (2016), 619\u2013624.","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","first-page":"22","volume-title":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications","volume":"43","author":"Tory Melanie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Melanie Tory, Lyn Bartram, Brittany Fiore-Gartland, and Anamaria Crisan. 2021. Finding their data voice: Practices and challenges of dashboard users. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 43, 1 (2021), 22\u201336."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the XX International Conference on Human Computer Interaction (Interacci\u00f3n \u201919)","author":"V\u00e1zquez-Ingelmo Andrea","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andrea V\u00e1zquez-Ingelmo, Francisco Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1alvo, and Roberto Ther\u00f3n. 2019. Tailored information dashboards: A systematic mapping of the literature. In Proceedings of the XX International Conference on Human Computer Interaction (Interacci\u00f3n \u201919). ACM, New York, NY, 1\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Graph literacy and business intelligence: Investigating user understanding of dashboard data visualizations","volume":"20","author":"Wakeling Simon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Simon Wakeling, Paul Clough, James Wyper, and Amy Balmain. 2015. Graph literacy and business intelligence: Investigating user understanding of dashboard data visualizations. Business Intelligence Journal 20, 4 (2015), 8\u201319.","journal-title":"Business Intelligence Journal"},{"issue":"05","key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1698466","article-title":"Usability testing of an interactive dashboard for surgical quality improvement in a large congenital heart center","volume":"10","author":"Wu Danny T. Y.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Danny T. Y. Wu, Scott Vennemeyer, Kelly Brown, Jason Revalee, Paul Murdock, Sarah Salomone, Ashton France, Katherine Clarke-Myers, and Samuel P. Hanke. 2019. Usability testing of an interactive dashboard for surgical quality improvement in a large congenital heart center. Applied Clinical Informatics 10, 05 (2019), 859\u2013869.","journal-title":"Applied Clinical Informatics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-007-0114-2","article-title":"Top 10 algorithms in data mining","volume":"14","author":"Wu Xindong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Xindong Wu, Vipin Kumar, J. Ross Quinlan, Joydeep Ghosh, Qiang Yang, Hiroshi Motoda, Geoffrey J. McLachlan, Angus Ng, Bing Liu, Philip S. Yu, et al. 2008. Top 10 algorithms in data mining. Knowledge and Information Systems 14 (2008), 1\u201337.","journal-title":"Knowledge and Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1145\/3194658.3194676","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Digital Health (DH \u201918)","author":"Yera Ainhoa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ainhoa Yera, Javier Muguerza, Olatz Arbelaitz, I\u00f1igo Perona, Richard Keers, Darren Ashcroft, Richard Williams, Niels Peek, Caroline Jay, and Markel Vigo. 2018. Inferring visual behaviour from user interaction data on a medical dashboard. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Digital Health (DH \u201918). ACM, New York, NY, 55\u201359. DOI: 10.1145\/3194658.3194676"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2019.07.014","article-title":"Modelling the interactive behaviour of users with a medication safety dashboard in a primary care setting","volume":"129","author":"Yera Ainhoa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ainhoa Yera, Javier Muguerza, Olatz Arbelaitz, I\u00f1igo Perona, Richard N. Keers, Darren M. Ashcroft, Richard Williams, Niels Peek, Caroline Jay, and Markel Vigo. 2019. Modelling the interactive behaviour of users with a medication safety dashboard in a primary care setting. International Journal of Medical Informatics 129 (2019), 395\u2013403.","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Informatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accinf.2011.08.002","article-title":"A review of dashboards in performance management: Implications for design and research","volume":"13","author":"Yigitbasioglu Ogan M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ogan M. Yigitbasioglu and Oana Velcu. 2012. A review of dashboards in performance management: Implications for design and research. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems 13, 1 (2012), 41\u201359.","journal-title":"International Journal of Accounting Information Systems"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","first-page":"268","article-title":"A comparison of logistic regression, logic regression, classification tree, and random forests to identify effective gene-gene and gene-environmental interactions","volume":"2","author":"Yoo Wonsuk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wonsuk Yoo, Brian A. Ference, Michele L. Cote, and Ann Schwartz. 2012. A comparison of logistic regression, logic regression, classification tree, and random forests to identify effective gene-gene and gene-environmental interactions. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology 2, 7 (2012), 268.","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","first-page":"259","volume-title":"Sustainable Smart City Transitions","author":"Young Gareth W.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gareth W. Young, Rob Kitchin, and Jeneen Naji. 2022. Building city dashboards for different types of users. In Sustainable Smart City Transitions. Routledge, 259\u2013279."},{"issue":"2021","key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102625","article-title":"Modeling micro-interactions in self-regulated learning: A data-driven methodology","volume":"151","author":"Yu He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He Yu, Simon Harper, and Markel Vigo. 2021. Modeling micro-interactions in self-regulated learning: A data-driven methodology. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 151 (2021), 102625.","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology","volume":"59","author":"Yu-Wen Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang Yu-Wen, Yang Yu-Ju, and Jeng Wei. 2022. User perception and eye movement on a pandemic data visualization dashboard. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology 59, 1 (2022), 121\u2013131."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3715710","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3715710","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T01:18:48Z","timestamp":1750295928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3715710"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3715710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3715710","relation":{},"ISSN":["2160-6455","2160-6463"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2160-6455"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2160-6463"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-01-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}