{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T11:21:02Z","timestamp":1787484062098,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"FSE","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grants Council \\\/ General Research Fund","award":["16207120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16207120"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62372193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62372193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Softw. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Debugging can be much facilitated if one can identify the evolution commit that introduced the bug leading to a detected failure (aka. bug-inducing commit, BIC). Although one may, in theory, locate BICs by executing the detected failing test on various historical commit versions, it is impractical when the test cannot be executed on some of those versions. On the other hand, existing static techniques often assume the availability of additional information such as patches and bug reports, or the applicability of predefined heuristics like commit chronology. However, these approaches are ineffective when such assumptions do not hold, which are often the case in practice. To address these limitations, we propose\n                    <jats:sc>SemBIC<\/jats:sc>\n                    to identify the BIC of a bug by statically tracking the semantic changes in the execution path prescribed by the failing test across successive historical commit versions.\n                    <jats:bold>Our insight is that the greater the semantic changes a commit introduces concerning the failing execution path of a target bug, the more likely it is to be the BIC.<\/jats:bold>\n                    To distill semantic changes relevant to the failure, we focus on three fine-grained semantic properties. We evaluate the performance of\n                    <jats:sc>SemBIC<\/jats:sc>\n                    on a benchmark containing 199 real-world bugs from 12 open-source projects. We found that\n                    <jats:sc>SemBIC<\/jats:sc>\n                    can identify BICs with high accuracy \u2013 it ranks the BIC as top 1 for 88 out of 199 bugs, and achieves an MRR of 0.520, outperforming the state-of-the-art technique by 29.4% and 13.6%, respectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3715781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T11:15:34Z","timestamp":1750331734000},"page":"1363-1385","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["SemBIC: Semantic-Aware Identification of Bug-Inducing Commits"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4248-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3082-5957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hengcheng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4892-6294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jialun","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5588-9618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3508-7172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shing-Chi","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PRDC.2006.18"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE48619.2023.00059"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","volume-title":"2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, USENIX ATC 2019, Renton, WA, USA, July 10-12, 2019","author":"Bhagwan Ranjita","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ranjita Bhagwan, Rahul Kumar, Chandra Shekhar Maddila, and Adithya Abraham Philip. 2019. Orca: Differential Bug Localization in Large-Scale Services. In 2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, USENIX ATC 2019, Renton, WA, USA, July 10-12, 2019,Dahlia Malkhi and Dan Tsafrir (Eds.). USENIX Association https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/atc19\/presentation\/bhagwan"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3340482.3342742"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597926.3598148"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xiao Chen. 2025. SemBIC: Semantic-aware Identification of Bug-inducing Commits (Experiment Replication Package. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.14840935 10.5281\/zenodo.14840935","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.14840935"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3510003.3510042"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"Cobertura Contributors. 2022. Cobertura. https:\/\/cobertura.github.io\/cobertura\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","unstructured":"Git Contributors. 2009. git bisect. https:\/\/git-scm.com\/docs\/git-bisect-lk2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"Git Contributors. 2024. Git. https:\/\/git-scm.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2016.2616306"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/SMR.1619"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"Higor Amario de Souza Marcos Lordello Chaim and Fabio Kon. 2016. Spectrum-based Software Fault Localization: A Survey of Techniques Advances and Challenges. CoRR abs\/1607.04347 (2016). arXiv:1607.04347"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"An et al. 2022. FBL-BERT Dataset. https:\/\/anonymous.4open.science\/r\/fbl-bert-D567\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"An et al. 2023. Bug2Commit Implementation. https:\/\/github.com\/coinse\/fonte\/blob\/main\/run_Bug2Commit.py"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","unstructured":"The Apache Software Foundation. 2024. Ant. https:\/\/ant.apache.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"The Apache Software Foundation. 2024. Maven. https:\/\/maven.apache.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/JOSS.00653"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","unstructured":"JavaParser. 2019. JavaParser. https:\/\/javaparser.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3372297.3417240"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"JUnit. 2021. JUnit4. https:\/\/junit.org\/junit4\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2610384.2628055"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE.2006.23"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xiangyu Li Marcelo d\u2019Amorim and Alessandro Orso. 2019. Intent-Preserving Test Repair. In 12th IEEE Conference on Software Testing Validation and Verification ICST 2019 Xi\u2019an China April 22-27 2019. IEEE 217\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICST.2019.00030 10.1109\/ICST.2019.00030","DOI":"10.1109\/ICST.2019.00030"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3611643.3616339"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S10664-024-10479-Z"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-024-10479-z","article-title":"Hunting bugs: Towards an automated approach to identifying which change caused a bug through regression testing","volume":"29","author":"Maes-Bermejo Michel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Michel Maes-Bermejo, Alexander Serebrenik, Micael Gallego, Francisco Gort\u00e1zar, Gregorio Robles, and Jes\u00fas Mar\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez Barahona. 2024. Hunting bugs: Towards an automated approach to identifying which change caused a bug through regression testing. Empirical Software Engineering 29, 3 (2024), 66.","journal-title":"Empirical Software Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-SEIP52600.2021.00028"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IS.2015.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2017.62"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S10664-021-09970-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","first-page":"140:1","article-title":"Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer","volume":"21","author":"Raffel Colin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J. Liu. 2020. Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer. J. Mach. Learn.c>Res. 21 (2020), 140:1\u2013140:67. http:\/\/jmlr.org\/papers\/v21\/20-074.html","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn.c>Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiaoxia Ren Fenil Shah Frank Tip Barbara G Ryder and Ophelia Chesley. 2004. Chianti: a tool for change impact analysis of java programs. In Proceedings of the 19th annual ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming systems languages and applications. 432\u2013448.","DOI":"10.1145\/1028976.1029012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)00051-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S10664-019-09781-Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JSS.2023.111729"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","first-page":"1157","article-title":"Sourcerercc: Scaling code clone detection to big-code","author":"Sajnani Hitesh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hitesh Sajnani, Vaibhav Saini, Jeffrey Svajlenko, Chanchal K Roy, and Cristina V Lopes. 2016. Sourcerercc: Scaling code clone detection to big-code. In Proceedings of the 38th international conference on software engineering. 1157\u20131168.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 38th international conference on software engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2393596.2393670"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1083142.1083147"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","unstructured":"soot oss. 2012. Soot Jimple Expressions. https:\/\/soot-oss.github.io\/soot\/docs\/4.3.0\/jdoc\/soot\/jimple\/package-summary.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","unstructured":"soot oss. 2022. Soot. https:\/\/soot-oss.github.io\/soot\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jeniya Tabassum Mounica Maddela Wei Xu and Alan Ritter. 2020. Code and Named Entity Recognition in Stack- Overflow. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics ACL 2020 Online July 5-10 2020 Dan Jurafsky Joyce Chai Natalie Schluter and Joel R. Tetreault (Eds.). Association for Computational Linguistics 4913\u20134926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/V1\/2020.ACL-MAIN.443 10.18653\/V1\/2020.ACL-MAIN.443","DOI":"10.18653\/V1\/2020.ACL-MAIN.443"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","unstructured":"Raja Vall\u00e9e-Rai and Laurie J. Hendren. 1998. Jimple: Simplifying Java Bytecode for Analyses and Transformations. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:10529361"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2019.2948158"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3377816.3381743"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2970276.2970359"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3338906.3338962"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin White Michele Tufano Christopher Vendome and Denys Poshyvanyk. 2016. Deep learning code fragments for code clone detection. In Proceedings of the 31st IEEE\/ACM international conference on automated software engineering. 87\u201398.","DOI":"10.1145\/2970276.2970326"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","unstructured":"Wikiversity. 2024. Vector Space Model. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vector_space_model"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2016.2521368"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3180155.3182516"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39742-4_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597926.3598061"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSM.2011.6080769"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3715781","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T10:57:58Z","timestamp":1787482678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3715781"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"FSE","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3715781"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3715781","relation":{},"ISSN":["2994-970X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2994-970X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]}}}