{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T05:05:53Z","timestamp":1750309553336,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Auton. Adapt. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Wireless systems are entering the\n            <jats:italic>arena<\/jats:italic>\n            of time-critical applications, including industrial controls. This makes clock synchronisation vital. A relevant source of synchronisation errors, especially in heavy-duty applications and harsh environments, is given by temperature variations that affect the quartz oscillators. This article takes a control theory-based approach and proposes to augment clock synchronisation schemes\u2014that are typically feedback-based\u2014with a feedforward compensation path using temperature measurements to quickly react to temperature change. Unlike previous approaches relying on per-device data, our solution takes advantage of the combined feedforward-feedback nature of the control scheme to perform compensation using only nominal crystal parameters. When implemented in conjunction with the FLOPSYNC-2 feedback-based clock synchronisation scheme and tested both in simulation and experimentally, the approach resulted in a greatly reduced synchronisation error during temperature transients. In detail, Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed solution can reduce the peak clock synchronisation error on average by 5.3\n            <jats:inline-formula content-type=\"math\/tex\">\n              <jats:tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\" version=\"MathJax\">\\(\\times\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>\n            and in the worst case by 2.2\n            <jats:inline-formula content-type=\"math\/tex\">\n              <jats:tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\" version=\"MathJax\">\\(\\times\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>\n            , thus proving applicable and effective without the need for a costly per-device calibration. When tested experimentally on a network of sensor nodes, a 3.3\n            <jats:inline-formula content-type=\"math\/tex\">\n              <jats:tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\" version=\"MathJax\">\\(\\times\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>\n            peak clock synchronisation error improvement was observed, confirming the simulation predictions.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3716138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T16:10:41Z","timestamp":1738685441000},"page":"1-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Calibration-Free Feedforward Temperature Compensation for Wireless Clock Synchronisation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7475-6167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Terraneo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1711-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaigham","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8294-730X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Fornaciari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2165-2078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Leva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"International IEEE Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization","author":"Anwar F. 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