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Data"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Sequential pattern mining (SPM) with gap constraints (or repetitive SPM or tandem repeat discovery in bioinformatics) can find frequent repetitive subsequences satisfying gap constraints, which are called positive sequential patterns with gap constraints (PSPGs). However, classical SPM with gap constraints cannot find the frequent missing items in the PSPGs. To tackle this issue, this article explores negative sequential patterns with gap constraints (NSPGs). We propose an efficient NSPG-Miner algorithm that can mine both frequent PSPGs and NSPGs simultaneously. To effectively reduce candidate patterns, we propose a pattern join strategy with negative patterns which can generate both positive and negative candidate patterns at the same time. To calculate the support (frequency of occurrence) of a pattern in each sequence, we explore a NegPair algorithm that employs a key-value pair array structure to deal with the gap constraints and the negative items simultaneously and can avoid redundant rescanning of the original sequence, thus improving the efficiency of the algorithm. To report the performance of NSPG-Miner, 11 competitive algorithms and 11 datasets are employed. The experimental results not only validate the effectiveness of the strategies adopted by NSPG-Miner but also verify that NSPG-Miner can discover more valuable information than the state-of-the-art algorithms. Algorithms and datasets can be downloaded from\n            <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/wuc567\/Pattern-Mining\/tree\/master\/NSPG-Miner\">https:\/\/github.com\/wuc567\/Pattern-Mining\/tree\/master\/NSPG-Miner<\/jats:ext-link>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3716390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T14:58:21Z","timestamp":1738940301000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mining Repetitive Negative Sequential Patterns with Gap Constraints"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1126-9772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1454-2057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhulin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0232-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3427-8222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7680-9899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Fournier-Viger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5314-3468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youxi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China and Hebei Key Laboratory of Big Data Computing, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2396-1704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xindong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with Big Data (the Ministry of Education of China), Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"A survey of parallel sequential pattern mining","volume":"13","author":"Gan Wensheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wensheng Gan, Jerry Chun-Wei Lin, Philippe Fournier-Viger, Han-Chieh Chao, and Philip S. 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