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Surv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The rise of data-sharing platforms, driven by public demand for open data and legislative mandates, has raised several pertinent issues. These encompass uncertainties over data accuracy, provenance and lineage, privacy concerns, consent management, and the lack of equitable incentives for data providers. The advanced nature of blockchain makes it well suited to address these concerns. Yet, the limitations of blockchains, particularly their restricted performance, scalability, and high cost, make them less adept at managing the four \u201cVs\u201d of big data\u2014volume, variety, velocity, and veracity. As the body of work proposing blockchain-based data-sharing solutions grows, so does the confusion in selecting between these platforms, particularly in terms of sharing mechanisms, services, quality of services, and applications. In this article, we aim to fill this knowledge gap through an in-depth survey of blockchain-based data-sharing architectures and applications. We first identify the key challenges of existing data-sharing techniques and lay out the foundations of blockchains. Our focus then shifts to the intersection of blockchain and data sharing, wherein we aim to clarify the existing landscape and propose a reference architecture for blockchain-based data sharing. Subsequently, we explore various industrial applications of blockchain-based data sharing, spanning healthcare, smart grids, transportation, and decarbonization. For each application, we draw from real-world deployments to present key lessons learned in the implementation of blockchain-based data sharing. Lastly, we shed light on current research challenges and open avenues for further study in this space. This article aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for researchers\/practitioners looking to navigate the complex terrain of blockchain-based data-sharing solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3718082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T06:29:26Z","timestamp":1739600966000},"page":"1-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Blockchain-Empowered Trustworthy Data Sharing: Fundamentals, Applications, and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1933-7191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh Linh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Connect Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0161-3055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lam","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data61, CSIRO, Eveleigh, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5096-4834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thong","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO, Eveleigh, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2927-5628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilum","family":"Bandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data61, CSIRO, Eveleigh, Australia and UNSW, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2264-749X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data61, CSIRO, Eveleigh, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9466-1672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinghua","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data61, CSIRO, Eveleigh, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2273-1862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data 61, CSIRO, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5839-3765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liming","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data 61, CSIRO, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4603-0024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data61, CSIRO, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Clive Humby. 2006. 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