{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:47:47Z","timestamp":1787017667943,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Recomm. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In recommender systems, explanations are essential for supporting users\u2019 decision-making processes. While many studies have focused on explanation content or user interface, the expression of textual explanations has been largely overlooked. The expression refers to textual styles such as formal or humorous, which we call\n                    <jats:italic>tone<\/jats:italic>\n                    in this article. Although tone contributes to smooth human communication, its impact on users\u2019 perceptions of recommender systems remains largely unexplored. In particular, it is unclear whether the perceived effects of explanation tone differ by domain or user attributes. Therefore, we investigate the effects of explanation tones through two online user studies considering domains and user attributes. In the first study with 470 participants, we generated datasets using a large language model to create fictional items and explanations with six tones across three domains: movies, hotels, and home products. The participants evaluated two explanations for an item, each presented in a different tone, and rated 10 metrics. In the second study with 103 participants, we used a real-world dataset from the hotel domain and incorporated a simple personalized recommender system to examine effects of tone in a more realistic setting. The results revealed that the perceived effects of tones differ by domain and are significantly influenced by user attributes such as age and personality traits. Our findings suggest that appropriately adjusting the tone of explanations according to domains and user attributes can enhance the perceived effects of recommender systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3718101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T06:28:56Z","timestamp":1739600936000},"page":"1-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Impact of Tone-Aware Explanations in Recommender Systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9931-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayano","family":"Okoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toyota Central R and D Labs Inc, Nagakute, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9431-0867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Otaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toyota Central R and D Labs Inc, Nagakute, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8214-3122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Koide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toyota Central R and D Labs Inc, Nagakute, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5310-9841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukino","family":"Baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108686136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"Language, Culture, and Communication: The Meaning of Messages","author":"Bonvillain Nancy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nancy Bonvillain. 2019. Language, Culture, and Communication: The Meaning of Messages. Rowman & Littlefield."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.gem-1.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2959100.2959153"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3178876.3186070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3637365"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0201-76"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"585","volume-title":"SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (SIGCHI\u201903)","author":"Cosley Dan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dan Cosley, Shyong K. Lam, Istvan Albert, Joseph A. Konstan, and John Riedl. 2003. Is seeing believing? How recommender system interfaces affect users\u2019 opinions. In SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (SIGCHI\u201903). ACM, 585\u2013592."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-008-9051-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A survey on personality-aware recommendation systems","author":"Dhelim Sahraoui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sahraoui Dhelim, Nyothiri Aung, Mohammed Amine Bouras, Huansheng Ning, and Erik Cambria. 2022. A survey on personality-aware recommendation systems. Artif. Intell. Rev. 55, 3 (2022), 1\u201346.","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10217748"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2013.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201921)","author":"Gilad Zohar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zohar Gilad, Ofra Amir, and Liat Levontin. 2021. The effects of warmth and competence perceptions on users\u2019 choice of an AI system. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201921). 1\u201313."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"Howard Giles Tania Ogay and others. 2007. Communication accommodation theory. Explaining Communication: Contemporary Theories and Exemplars (2007) 293\u2013310."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"59","volume-title":"BCSS@PERSUASIVE Conference","author":"Gkika Sofia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sofia Gkika and George Lekakos. 2014. The persuasive role of explanations in recommender systems. In BCSS@PERSUASIVE Conference. 59\u201368."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2843948"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-6566(03)00046-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/358916.358995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3386392.3399306"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2017.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","article-title":"Explainable fashion recommendation: A semantic attribute region guided approach","author":"Hou Min","year":"2019","unstructured":"Min Hou, Le Wu, Enhong Chen, Zhi Li, Vincent W. Zheng, and Qi Liu. 2019. Explainable fashion recommendation: A semantic attribute region guided approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.12862 (2019).","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.12862"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11280-018-0558-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201923)","author":"Hou Yoyo Tsung-Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yoyo Tsung-Yu Hou, Wen-Ying Lee, and Malte Jung. 2023. \u201cShould I follow the human, or follow the robot?\u201d\u2013Robots in power can have more influence than humans on decision-making. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI\u201923). 1\u201313."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-2166(87)90109-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2968537"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/itmconf\/20203203034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00426"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","unstructured":"Oliver P. John Richard W. Robins and Lawrence A. Pervin. 2010. Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research. Guilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3588967.3588970"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517653"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3581641.3584058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-011-9118-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11010141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3301275.3302306"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Krippendorff. 2018. Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology. SAGE Publications. Retrieved from https:\/\/books.google.co.jp\/books?id=nE1aDwAAQBAJ","DOI":"10.4135\/9781071878781"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300717"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.06.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2019.2906190"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2003.1167344"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1719970.1719976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3631700.3665185"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jm.11.0560"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2002472.2002491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/976931.976958"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2018.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2019.101761"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3320435.3320457"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026192702237953"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1587\/transinf.2023DAP0008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3627043.3659572"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jcr\/ucaa038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3495013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","article-title":"UniWalk: Explainable and accurate recommendation for rating and network data","author":"Park Haekyu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haekyu Park, Hyunsik Jeon, Junghwan Kim, Beunguk Ahn, and U. Kang. 2017. UniWalk: Explainable and accurate recommendation for rating and network data. arXiv preprint arXiv:1710.07134 (2017).","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1710.07134"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2017.01.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3501967"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/245108.245121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009804230409"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(02)00084-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25080\/Majora-92bf1922-011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","article-title":"Style transfer from non-parallel text by cross-alignment","volume":"30","author":"Shen Tianxiao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tianxiao Shen, Tao Lei, Regina Barzilay, and Tommi Jaakkola. 2017. Style transfer from non-parallel text by cross-alignment. Advan. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 30 (2017), 6830\u20136841.","journal-title":"Advan. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","first-page":"479","volume-title":"Recommender Systems Handbook","author":"Tintarev Nava","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nava Tintarev and Judith Masthoff. 2010. Designing and evaluating explanations for recommender systems. In Recommender Systems Handbook. Springer, 479\u2013510."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-011-9117-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517732"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3565472.3592950"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-018-9215-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1502650.1502661"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3209978.3210010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222230410"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009233446"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yongfeng Zhang and Xu Chen. 2020. Explainable recommendation: A survey and new perspectives. Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Information Retrieval 14 1 (2020) 1\u2013101.","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000066"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2600428.2609579"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Recommender Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3718101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3718101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T21:18:37Z","timestamp":1750281517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3718101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3718101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3718101","relation":{},"ISSN":["2770-6699"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2770-6699","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}