{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T14:27:06Z","timestamp":1762180026315,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014037","name":"NDSEG","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["CIF-241615 and IIS-233630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIF-241615 and IIS-233630"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Storage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Datacenters need to reduce embodied carbon emissions, particularly for flash, which accounts for 40% of embodied carbon in servers. However, decreasing flash\u2019s embodied emissions is challenging due to flash\u2019s limited write endurance, which more than halves with each generation of denser flash. Reducing embodied emissions requires extending flash lifetime, stressing its limited write endurance even further. The legacy Logical Block-Addressable Device (LBAD) interface exacerbates the problem by forcing devices to perform garbage collection, leading to even more writes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Flash-based caches in particular write frequently, limiting the lifetimes and densities of the devices they use. These flash caches illustrate the need to break away from LBAD and switch to the new Write-Read-Erase iNterfaces (WREN) now coming to market. WREN affords applications control over data placement and garbage collection. We present Fairy\n                    <jats:sc>Wren<\/jats:sc>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:xref ref-type=\"fn\">\n                      <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    <\/jats:xref>\n                    a flash cache designed for WREN. Fairy\n                    <jats:sc>Wren<\/jats:sc>\n                    reduces writes by co-designing caching policies and flash garbage collection. Fairy\n                    <jats:sc>Wren<\/jats:sc>\n                    provides a 12.5\u00d7 write reduction over state-of-the-art LBAD caches. This decrease in writes allows flash devices to last longer, decreasing flash cost by 35% and flash carbon emissions by 33%.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3718390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T05:11:38Z","timestamp":1741151498000},"page":"1-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["FairyWREN: A Sustainable Cache for Emerging Write-Read-Erase Flash Interfaces"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5253-7094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"McAllister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University","place":["Pittsburgh, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8314-9355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yucong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University","place":["Pittsburgh, United States"]},{"name":"Salesforce Inc","place":["Pittsburgh, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4147-6860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","place":["Chapel Hill, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3911-1512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research","place":["Redmond, United States"]},{"name":"University of Washington","place":["Redmond, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6301-714X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Beckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University","place":["Pittsburgh, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7328-1857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Amvrosiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University College of Engineering","place":["Pittsburgh, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3065-7316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory R.","family":"Ganger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University","place":["Pittsburgh, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Amazon Sustainability. n.d. 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