{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:00:21Z","timestamp":1783008021498,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":38,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"name":"National Research, Development, and Innovation Office (NKFIH)","award":["K-146347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K-146347"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3719027.3744852","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T23:32:38Z","timestamp":1763854358000},"page":"873-887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Forking the RANDAO: Manipulating Ethereum's Distributed Randomness Beacon"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0932-5591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1bel","family":"Nagy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3512-9504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e1nos","family":"Tapolcai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0143-4057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Istv\u00e1n Andr\u00e1s","family":"Seres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5056-4184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bence","family":"Lad\u00f3czki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary and HUN-REN Information Systems Research Group, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Optimal RANDAO Manipulation in Ethereum. Advances in Financial Technologies","author":"Alpturer Kaya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaya Alpturer and Matthew Weinberg. 2024. Optimal RANDAO Manipulation in Ethereum. Advances in Financial Technologies (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-54994-7_25"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3560829.3563559"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-68382-4_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96884-1_25"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45682-1_30"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3328526.3329567"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Vitalik Buterin. 2018. RANDAO beacon exploitability analysis round 2. https:\/\/ethresear.ch\/t\/randao-beacon-exploitability-analysis-round-2\/1980. Accessed: 2024-11-12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Combining GHOST and casper. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.03052","author":"Buterin Vitalik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vitalik Buterin, Diego Hernandez, Thor Kamphefner, Khiem Pham, Zhi Qiao, Danny Ryan, Juhyeok Sin, Ying Wang, and Yan X Zhang. 2020. Combining GHOST and casper. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.03052 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978408"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kevin Choi Aathira Manoj and Joseph Bonneau. 2023. SoK: Distributed Randomness Beacons. Cryptology ePrint Archive Paper 2023\/728. https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2023\/728","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46215.2023.10179419"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Philip Daian Steven Goldfeder Tyler Kell Yunqi Li Xueyuan Zhao Iddo Bentov Lorenz Breidenbach and Ari Juels. 2019. Flash Boys 2.0: Frontrunning Transaction Reordering and Consensus Instability in Decentralized Exchanges. arXiv:1904.05234 [cs.CR]"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Distributed randomness using weighted vrfs. Cryptology ePrint Archive","author":"Das Sourav","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sourav Das, Benny Pinkas, Alin Tomescu, and Zhuolun Xiang. 2024. Distributed randomness using weighted vrfs. Cryptology ePrint Archive (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45472-5_28"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3490486.3538337"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3670865.3673602"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3149.214121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Ethereum Foundation. 2023. Ethereum Proof-of-stake documentation. https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/consensus-specs\/blob\/8696fbf75387fb37a32fc08a6b934653198c6c0c\/specs\/phase0\/validator.md#attesting. Accessed: 2024-11-12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"USA","author":"Hoang Viet Tung","year":"2012","unstructured":"Viet Tung Hoang, Ben Morris, and Phillip Rogaway. 2012. An enciphering scheme based on a card shuffle. In Advances in Cryptology-CRYPTO 2012: 32nd Annual Cryptology Conference, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, August 19-23, 2012. Proceedings. Springer, 1-13."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. Springer, 74-92","author":"Judmayer Aljosha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aljosha Judmayer, Nicholas Stifter, Philipp Schindler, and Edgar Weippl. 2022. Estimating (miner) extractable value is hard, let's go shopping!. In International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. Springer, 74-92."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP60621.2024.00020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.14701","author":"Lewis-Pye Andrew","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andrew Lewis-Pye and Tim Roughgarden. 2023. Permissionless Consensus. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.14701 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Istv\u00e1n Andr\u00e1s Seres, and Bence Lad\u00f3czki","author":"Nagy \u00c1bel","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u00c1bel Nagy, J\u00e1nos Tapolcai, Istv\u00e1n Andr\u00e1s Seres, and Bence Lad\u00f3czki. 2025. Forking the RANDAO: Manipulating Ethereum's Distributed Randomness Beacon. Cryptology ePrint Archive (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system.","author":"Nakamoto Satoshi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. (2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Paul D. 2018. Limiting last-revealer attacks in beacon chain randomness. https:\/\/ethresear.ch\/t\/limiting-last-revealer-attacks-in-beacon-chain-randomness\/3705\/1. Accessed: 2024-11-12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Ethereum Proof-of-Stake under Scrutiny. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.16070","author":"Pavloff Ulysse","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ulysse Pavloff, Yackolley Amoussou-Guenou, and Sara Tucci-Piergiovanni. 2022. Ethereum Proof-of-Stake under Scrutiny. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.16070 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46214.2022.9833734"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-22301-3_21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Stuart J Russell and Peter Norvig. 2016. Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Pearson."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Deep Selfish Proposing in\u00a0Longest-Chain Proof-of-Stake Protocols. In Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Jeremy Clark and Elaine Shi (Eds.). Springer Nature Switzerland","author":"Sarenche Roozbeh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Roozbeh Sarenche, Svetla Nikova, and Bart Preneel. 2025. Deep Selfish Proposing in\u00a0Longest-Chain Proof-of-Stake Protocols. In Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Jeremy Clark and Elaine Shi (Eds.). Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 24-40.","journal-title":"Cham"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Ertem Nusret Tas, and David Tse","author":"Schwarz-Schilling Caspar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Caspar Schwarz-Schilling, Joachim Neu, Barnab\u00e9 Monnot, Aditya Asgaonkar, Ertem Nusret Tas, and David Tse. 2022. Three Attacks on\u00a0Proof-of-Stake Ethereum. In Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Ittay Eyal and Juan Garay (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 560-576."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Michael Sproul. 2023. Allow honest validators to reorg late blocks. https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/consensus-specs\/pull\/3034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"V. Buterin. 2018. RNG exploitability analysis assuming pure RANDAO-based main chain. https:\/\/ethresear.ch\/t\/rng-exploitability-analysis-assuming-pure-randao-based-main-chain\/1825 Accessed: 2024-11-12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Toni Wahrst\u00e4tter. 2023. Selfish Mixing and RANDAO Manipulation. https:\/\/ethresear.ch\/t\/selfish-mixing-and-randao-manipulation\/16081. Accessed: 2024-11-12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517745.3561448"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum project yellow paper","author":"Gavin Wood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gavin Wood et al., 2014. Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum project yellow paper, Vol. 151, 2014 (2014), 1-32."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aviv Yaish Gilad Stern and Aviv Zohar. 2022. Uncle Maker: (Time)Stamping Out The Competition in Ethereum. Cryptology ePrint Archive Paper 2022\/1020. doi:10.1145\/3576915.3616674","DOI":"10.1145\/3576915.3616674"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Randao: A DAO working as RNG of Ethereum. https:\/\/github.com\/randao\/randao\/. Accessed: 2024-11-12.","author":"Zhang Yaning","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yaning Zhang and Youcai Qian. 2019. Randao: A DAO working as RNG of Ethereum. https:\/\/github.com\/randao\/randao\/. Accessed: 2024-11-12."}],"event":{"name":"CCS '25: ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","location":"Taipei Taiwan","acronym":"CCS '25","sponsor":["SIGSAC ACM Special Interest Group on Security, Audit, and Control"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3719027.3744852","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T22:09:56Z","timestamp":1766441396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3719027.3744852"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3719027.3744852","10.1145\/3719027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3719027.3744852","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}