{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T15:57:43Z","timestamp":1780675063288,"version":"3.54.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":48,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"name":"National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2023YFB4503200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB4503200"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDB0690200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB0690200"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research","award":["YSBR-035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSBR-035"]}]},{"name":"HUAWEI Research"},{"name":"Institute of Information & communications Technology Planning & Evaluation(IITP) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)","award":["2022-0-01047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-0-01047"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3719027.3744873","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T23:33:16Z","timestamp":1763854396000},"page":"2309-2323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Refined TFHE Leveled Homomorphic Evaluation and Its Application"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1276-1299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruida","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China and School of Cybersecurity, UCAS, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0496-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jincheol","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CryptoLab Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5627-9044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China and School of Cybersecurity, UCAS, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7091-5810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianhui","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China and School of Cybersecurity, UCAS, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5250-6525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China and School of Cybersecurity, UCAS, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3848-6419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunpeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China and School of Cybersecurity, UCAS, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5471-9350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jooyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3560827.3563379"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","first-page":"430","volume-title":"Elisabeth Oswald and Marc Fischlin (Eds.)","volume":"9056","author":"Albrecht Martin R.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martin R. Albrecht, Christian Rechberger, Thomas Schneider, Tyge Tiessen, and Michael Zohner. 2015. Ciphers for MPC and FHE. In Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2015, Elisabeth Oswald and Marc Fischlin (Eds.), Vol. 9056. Springer, 430-454."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Smart","author":"Balenbois Thibault","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thibault Balenbois, Jean-Baptiste Orfila, and Nigel P. Smart. 2023. Trivial Transciphering With Trivium and TFHE. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2023\/980. https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2023\/980 to appear WAHC 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00145-023-09463-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3658644.3670376"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46586\/tches.v2024.i3.302-341"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2633600"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12612-4_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3354226"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78372-3_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","first-page":"315","volume-title":"Athens","author":"Cheon Jung Hee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jung Hee Cheon, Jean-S\u00e9bastien Coron, Jinsu Kim, Moon Sung Lee, Tancrede Lepoint, Mehdi Tibouchi, and Aaram Yun. 2013. Batch fully homomorphic encryption over the integers. In Advances in Cryptology-EUROCRYPT 2013: 32nd Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, Athens, Greece, May 26-30, 2013. Proceedings 32. Springer, 315-335."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Jung Hee Cheon and Tsuyoshi Takagi (Eds.)","volume":"10031","author":"Chillotti Ilaria","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ilaria Chillotti, Nicolas Gama, Mariya Georgieva, and Malika Izabach\u00e8ne. 2016. Faster Fully Homomorphic Encryption: Bootstrapping in Less Than 0.1 Seconds. In Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT 2016, Jung Hee Cheon and Tsuyoshi Takagi (Eds.), Vol. 10031. Springer, 3-33."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70694-8_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00145-019-09319-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-92078-4_23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-92078-4_22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46586\/tosc.v2024.i3.1-43"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Heewon Chung Hyojun Kim Young-Sik Kim and Yongwoo Lee. 2024. Amortized Large Look-up Table Evaluation with Multivariate Polynomials for Homomorphic Encryption. Cryptology ePrint Archive Paper 2024\/274. https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2024\/274"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","first-page":"311","volume-title":"Buenos Aires","author":"Coron Jean-S\u00e9bastien","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jean-S\u00e9bastien Coron, Tancr\u00e8de Lepoint, and Mehdi Tibouchi. 2014. Scale-invariant fully homomorphic encryption over the integers. In Public-Key Cryptography-PKC 2014: 17th International Conference on Practice and Theory in Public-Key Cryptography, Buenos Aires, Argentina, March 26-28, 2014. Proceedings 17. Springer, 311-328."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-22969-5_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-57728-4_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","first-page":"662","volume-title":"Hovav Shacham and Alexandra Boldyreva (Eds.)","volume":"10991","author":"Dobraunig Christoph","year":"2018","unstructured":"Christoph Dobraunig, Maria Eichlseder, Lorenzo Grassi, Virginie Lallemand, Gregor Leander, Eik List, Florian Mendel, and Christian Rechberger. 2018. Rasta: A Cipher with Low ANDdepth and Few ANDs per Bit. In Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO 2018, Hovav Shacham and Alexandra Boldyreva (Eds.), Vol. 10991. Springer, 662-692."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Pasta: A Case for Hybrid Homomorphic Encryption. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2021\/731. https:\/\/ia.cr\/2021\/731.","author":"Dobraunig Christoph","year":"2021","unstructured":"Christoph Dobraunig, Lorenzo Grassi, Lukas Helminger, Christian Rechberger, Markus Schofnegger, and Roman Walch. 2021. Pasta: A Case for Hybrid Homomorphic Encryption. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2021\/731. https:\/\/ia.cr\/2021\/731."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10623-015-0095-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","first-page":"617","volume-title":"Elisabeth Oswald and Marc Fischlin (Eds.)","volume":"9056","author":"Ducas L\u00e9o","year":"2015","unstructured":"L\u00e9o Ducas and Daniele Micciancio. 2015. FHEW: Bootstrapping Homomorphic Encryption in Less Than a Second. In Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2015, Elisabeth Oswald and Marc Fischlin (Eds.), Vol. 9056. Springer, 617-640."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32009-5_49"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40041-4_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13389-024-00359-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Rubato: Noisy Ciphers for Approximate Homomorphic Encryption. In Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT","author":"Ha Jincheol","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jincheol Ha, Seongkwang Kim, Byeonghak Lee, Jooyoung Lee, and Mincheol Son. 2022. Rubato: Noisy Ciphers for Approximate Homomorphic Encryption. In Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2022, Orr Dunkelman and Stefan Dziembowski (Eds.). Springer, 581-610."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-65277-7_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78086-9_22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Algebraic Attacks on RAIN and AIM Using Equivalent Representations. Cryptology ePrint Archive","author":"Liu Fukang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fukang Liu and Mohammad Mahzoun. 2023. Algebraic Attacks on RAIN and AIM Using Equivalent Representations. Cryptology ePrint Archive (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-22966-4_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-8736-8_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Kotaro Matsuoka. 2020. TFHEpp: pure C implementation of TFHE cryptosystem. https:\/\/github.com\/virtualsecureplatform\/TFHEpp."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","first-page":"4007","volume-title":"30th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 21)","author":"Matsuoka Kotaro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kotaro Matsuoka, Ryotaro Banno, Naoki Matsumoto, Takashi Sato, and Song Bian. 2021. Virtual Secure Platform: A Five-Stage Pipeline Processor over TFHE. In 30th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 21). USENIX Association, 4007-4024. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/usenixsecurity21\/presentation\/matsuoka"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-49890-3_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.62056\/anxrxrxqi"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2046660.2046682"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3689945.3694801"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3605759.3625260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"Daphn\u00e9 Trama Pierre-Emmanuel Clet Aymen Boudguiga and Renaud Sirdey. 2024. Designing a General-Purpose 8-bit (T)FHE Processor Abstraction. Cryptology ePrint Archive Paper 2024\/1201. https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2024\/1201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Ruida Wang Jincheol Ha Xuan Shen Xianhui Lu Chunling Chen Kunpeng Wang and Jooyoung Lee. 2024a. Refined TFHE Leveled Homomorphic Evaluation and Its Application. Cryptology ePrint Archive Paper 2024\/1318. https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2024\/1318"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Smaller and Time-Space Trade-Offs. In Australasian Conference on Information Security and Privacy. Springer, 196-216","author":"Wang Ruida","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ruida Wang, Benqiang Wei, Zhihao Li, Xianhui Lu, and Kunpeng Wang. 2024b. TFHE Bootstrapping: Faster, Smaller and Time-Space Trade-Offs. In Australasian Conference on Information Security and Privacy. Springer, 196-216."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Circuit Bootstrapping: Faster and Smaller. In Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT","author":"Wang Ruida","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ruida Wang, Yundi Wen, Zhihao Li, Xianhui Lu, Benqiang Wei, Kun Liu, and Kunpeng Wang. 2024c. Circuit Bootstrapping: Faster and Smaller. In Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2024, Marc Joye and Gregor Leander (Eds.). Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 342-372."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46586\/tches.v2024.i3.530-573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Fregata: Faster Homomorphic Evaluation of AES via TFHE","author":"Wei Benqiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benqiang Wei, Ruida Wang, Zhihao Li, Qinju Liu, and Xianhui Lu. 2023. Fregata: Faster Homomorphic Evaluation of AES via TFHE. In Information Security, Elias Athanasopoulos and Bart Mennink (Eds.). Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 392-412."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Zama. 2022. TFHE-rs: A Pure Rust Implementation of the TFHE Scheme for Boolean and Integer Arithmetics Over Encrypted Data. https:\/\/github.com\/zama-ai\/t"}],"event":{"name":"CCS '25: ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","location":"Taipei Taiwan","acronym":"CCS '25","sponsor":["SIGSAC ACM Special Interest Group on Security, Audit, and Control"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3719027.3744873","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T22:17:48Z","timestamp":1766441868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3719027.3744873"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3719027.3744873","10.1145\/3719027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3719027.3744873","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}