{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T22:22:15Z","timestamp":1766442135328,"version":"3.48.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":57,"publisher":"ACM","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3719027.3765021","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T23:33:16Z","timestamp":1763854396000},"page":"2534-2548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CHaRM: Checkpointed and Hashed Counters for Flexible and Efficient Rowhammer Mitigation"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3219-7544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Hajiabadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4124-0946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Marazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ABB Research, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8588-7100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaveh","family":"Razavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","volume-title":"Rui Qiao, Reetuparna Das, Matthew Hicks, Yossi Oren, and Todd Austin.","author":"Aweke Zelalem Birhanu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zelalem Birhanu Aweke, Salessawi Ferede Yitbarek, Rui Qiao, Reetuparna Das, Matthew Hicks, Yossi Oren, and Todd Austin. 2016. ANVIL: Software-based protection against next-generation rowhammer attacks. ACM SIGPLAN Notices (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3085572"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"Panopticon: A Complete In-DRAM Rowhammer Mitigation. In Workshop on DRAM Security (DRAMSec).","author":"Bennett Tanj","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tanj Bennett, Stefan Saroiu, AlecWolman, and Lucian Cojocar. 2021. Panopticon: A Complete In-DRAM Rowhammer Mitigation. In Workshop on DRAM Security (DRAMSec)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3321705.3329827"},{"volume-title":"Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP).","author":"Bosman E.","key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","unstructured":"E. Bosman, K. Razavi, H. Bos, and C. Giuffrida. 2016. Dedup Est Machina: Memory Deduplication as an Advanced Exploitation Vector. In Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"USENIX Security Symposium.","author":"Brasser Ferdinand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ferdinand Brasser, Lucas Davi, David Gens, Christopher Liebchen, and Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi. 2017. CAn't touch this: Software-only mitigation against Rowhammer attacks targeting kernel memory. In USENIX Security Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO61859.2024.00072"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA61900.2025.00071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2019.00089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1807128.1807152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"USENIX Security Symposium.","author":"de Ridder Finn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Finn de Ridder, Pietro Frigo, Emanuele Vannacci, Herbert Bos, Cristiano Giuffrida, and Kaveh Razavi. 2021. SMASH: Synchronized Many-sided Rowhammer Attacks from JavaScript. In USENIX Security Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40000.2020.00090"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46586\/uasc.2025.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2018.00031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","volume-title":"Faster and more flexible program phase analysis. Journal of Instruction Level Parallelism","author":"Hamerly Greg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Greg Hamerly, Erez Perelman, Jeremy Lau, and Brad Calder. 2005. Simpoint 3.0: Faster and more flexible program phase analysis. Journal of Instruction Level Parallelism (2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3466752.3480110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3466752.3480110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","volume-title":"PrIDE: Achieving Secure Rowhammer Mitigation with Low-Cost In-DRAM Trackers. In International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA).","author":"Jaleel Aamer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aamer Jaleel, Gururaj Saileshwar, Stephen W Keckler, and Moinuddin Qureshi. 2024. PrIDE: Achieving Secure Rowhammer Mitigation with Low-Cost In-DRAM Trackers. In International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","volume-title":"USENIX Security Symposium.","author":"Jattke Patrick","year":"2025","unstructured":"Patrick Jattke, Michele Marazzi, Flavien Solt, Max Wipfli, Stefan Gloor, and Kaveh Razavi. 2025. McSee: Evaluating Advanced Rowhammer Attacks and Defenses via Automated DRAM Traffic Analysis. In USENIX Security Symposium."},{"volume-title":"BLACKSMITH: Rowhammering in the Frequency Domain. In Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP).","author":"Jattke Patrick","key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","unstructured":"Patrick Jattke, Victor van der Veen, Pietro Frigo, Stijn Gunter, and Kaveh Razavi. 2022. BLACKSMITH: Rowhammering in the Frequency Domain. In Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","volume-title":"ZenHammer: Rowhammer Attacks on AMD Zen-based Platforms. In USENIX Security Symposium.","author":"Jattke Patrick","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patrick Jattke, Max Wipfli, Flavien Solt, Michele Marazzi, Matej B\u00f6lcskei, and Kaveh Razavi. 2024. ZenHammer: Rowhammer Attacks on AMD Zen-based Platforms. In USENIX Security Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","unstructured":"JEDEC. 2024. JESD79--5C: DDR5 SDRAM Specifications. (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","volume-title":"USENIX Security Symposium.","author":"Kang Ingab","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ingab Kang, Walter Wang, Jason Kim, Stephan van Schaik, Youssef Tobah, Daniel Genkin, Andrew Kwong, and Yuval Yarom. 2024. SledgeHammer: Amplifying Rowhammer via Bank-level Parallelism. In USENIX Security Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCA45697.2020.00059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA53966.2022.00088"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2678373.2665726"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"USENIX Security Symposium.","author":"Kogler Andreas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andreas Kogler, Jonas Juffinger, Salman Qazi, Yoongu Kim, Moritz Lipp, Nicolas Boichat, Eric Shiu, Mattias Nissler, and Daniel Gruss. 2022. Half-Double: Hammering from the next row over. In USENIX Security Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","volume-title":"USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementatio (OSDI).","author":"Konoth Radhesh Krishnan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Radhesh Krishnan Konoth, Marco Oliverio, Andrei Tatar, Dennis Andriesse, Herbert Bos, Cristiano Giuffrida, and Kaveh Razavi. 2018. ZebRAM: comprehensive and compatible software protection against rowhammer attacks. In USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementatio (OSDI)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40000.2020.00020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3307650.3322232"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSPW51379.2020.00102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","volume-title":"F. Nisa Bostanc\u0131, Ataberk Olgun, A. Giray Ya\u011fl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131, and Onur Mutlu.","author":"Luo Haocong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haocong Luo, Yahya Can Tu\u011frul, F. Nisa Bostanc\u0131, Ataberk Olgun, A. Giray Ya\u011fl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131, and Onur Mutlu. 2023. Ramulator 2.0: A Modern, Modular, and Extensible DRAM Simulator."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46214.2022.9833664"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","volume-title":"REGA: Scalable Rowhammer Mitigation with Refresh-Generating Activations. In Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP).","author":"Marazzi Michele","year":"2023","unstructured":"Michele Marazzi, Flavien Solt, Patrick Jattke, Kubo Takashi, and Kaveh Razavi. 2023. REGA: Scalable Rowhammer Mitigation with Refresh-Generating Activations. In Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/867576"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","volume-title":"ABACuS: All-Bank Activation Counters for Scalable and Low Overhead RowHammer Mitigation. In USENIX Security Symposium.","author":"Olgun Ataberk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ataberk Olgun, Yahya Can Tugrul, Nisa Bostanci, Ismail Emir Yuksel, Haocong Luo, Steve Rhyner, A. Giray Yaglikci, Geraldo F. Oliveira, and Onur Mutlu. 2024. ABACuS: All-Bank Activation Counters for Scalable and Low Overhead RowHammer Mitigation. In USENIX Security Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO50266.2020.00014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO50266.2020.00034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2016.7495576"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","volume-title":"MOAT: Securely Mitigating Rowhammer with Per-Row Activation Counters. In International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS).","author":"Qureshi Moinuddin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moinuddin Qureshi and Salman Qazi. 2025. MOAT: Securely Mitigating Rowhammer with Per-Row Activation Counters. In International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO61859.2024.00071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3470496.3527421"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","volume-title":"USENIX Security Symposium.","author":"Razavi Kaveh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaveh Razavi, Ben Gras, Cristiano Giuffrida, Erik Bosman, Bart Preneel, and Herbert Bos. 2016. Flip Feng Shui: Hammering a Needle in the Software Stack. In USENIX Security Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3503222.3507716"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO56248.2022.00022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_46_1","volume-title":"Exploiting the DRAM rowhammer bug to gain kernel privileges. Black Hat","author":"Seaborn Mark","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mark Seaborn and Thomas Dullien. 2015. Exploiting the DRAM rowhammer bug to gain kernel privileges. Black Hat (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_47_1","volume-title":"Design Automation Conference (DAC).","author":"Son Mungyu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mungyu Son, Hyunsun Park, Junwhan Ahn, and Sungjoo Yoo. 2017. Making DRAM stronger against rowhammering. In Design Automation Conference (DAC)."},{"volume-title":"SPEC CPU2017 Benchmark Suite. Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation. http:\/\/www.spec.org\/cpu2017\/","key":"e_1_3_2_2_48_1","unstructured":"SPEC2017 [n.d.]. SPEC CPU2017 Benchmark Suite. Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation. http:\/\/www.spec.org\/cpu2017\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_49_1","volume-title":"USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC).","author":"Tatar Andrei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andrei Tatar, Radhesh Krishnan Konoth, Cristiano Giuffrida, Herbert Bos, Elias Athanasopoulos, and Kaveh Razavi. 2018. Throwhammer: Rowhammer Attacks over the Network and Defenses. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_50_1","unstructured":"TPC [n.d.]. TPC Benchmarks. Transaction Processing Performance Council. https:\/\/tpc.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978406"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_52_1","volume-title":"Giovanni Vigna, Christopher Kruegel, Herbert Bos, and Kaveh Razavi.","author":"van der Veen Victor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Victor van der Veen, Martina Lindorfer, Yanick Fratantonio, Harikrishnan Padmanabha Pillai, Giovanni Vigna, Christopher Kruegel, Herbert Bos, and Kaveh Razavi. 2018. GuardION: Practical Mitigation of DMA-based Rowhammer Attacks on ARM. In Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA61900.2025.00080"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_54_1","volume-title":"HiRA: Hidden Row Activation for Reducing Refresh Latency of Off-the-Shelf DRAM Chips. In International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO).","author":"Ya\u011flik\u00e7\u0131 A. Giray","year":"2022","unstructured":"A. Giray Ya\u011flik\u00e7\u0131, Ataberk Olgun, Minesh Patel, Haocong Luo, Hasan Hassan, Lois Orosa, Oguz Ergin, and Onur Mutlu. 2022. HiRA: Hidden Row Activation for Reducing Refresh Latency of Off-the-Shelf DRAM Chips. In International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3316781.3317866"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO50266.2020.00016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_57_1","volume-title":"USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC).","author":"Zhang Zhi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhi Zhang, Yueqiang Cheng, Minghua Wang, Wei He, Wenhao Wang, Surya Nepal, Yansong Gao, Kang Li, Zhe Wang, and Chenggang Wu. 2022. SoftTRR: Protect page tables against rowhammer attacks using software-only target row refresh. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC)."}],"event":{"name":"CCS '25: ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","sponsor":["SIGSAC ACM Special Interest Group on Security, Audit, and Control"],"location":"Taipei Taiwan","acronym":"CCS '25"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3719027.3765021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T22:19:02Z","timestamp":1766441942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3719027.3765021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3719027.3765021","10.1145\/3719027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3719027.3765021","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}