{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T15:15:37Z","timestamp":1782314137082,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62402125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62402125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Municipality Bureau of Education, China","award":["2024312295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024312295"]}]},{"name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangzhou, China","award":["2025A04J3760"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A04J3760"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Reversible data hiding in encrypted images (RDH-EI) has gained widespread attention due to its potential applications in secure cloud storage. However, the security challenges of RDH-EI in cloud storage scenarios remain largely unexplored. In this article, we present a counterfeiting attack on RDH-EI schemes that utilize block-permutation and Co-XOR (BPCX) encryption. We demonstrate that ciphertext images generated by BPCX-based RDH-EI are easily tampered with to produce a counterfeit decrypted image with different contents imperceptible to the human eye. This vulnerability is mainly because the block permutation key information of BPCX is susceptible to known-plaintext attacks (KPAs). Taking ciphertext images in telemedicine scenarios as an example, we describe two potential counterfeiting attacks, namely fixed-area and optimal-area attacks. We show that the quality of forged decrypted images depends on the accuracy of the estimated block-permutation key under KPA conditions. To improve the invisibility of counterfeit decrypted images, we analyze the limitations of existing KPA methods against BPCX encryption for\n            <jats:inline-formula content-type=\"math\/tex\">\n              <jats:tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\" version=\"MathJax\">\\(2\\times 2\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>\n            block sizes and propose a novel diagonal inversion rule specifically designed for image blocks. This rule further enhances the accuracy of the estimated block-permutation key. The experiments show that, compared to existing KPA methods, the accuracy of the estimated block-permutation key in the UCID dataset increases by an average of 11.5%. In the counterfeiting attack experiments on Camera\u2019s encrypted image, we successfully tampered with over 80% of the pixels in the target area under the fixed-region attack. Additionally, we achieved a tampering success rate exceeding 90% in the optimal-region attack.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3719294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T08:56:36Z","timestamp":1740473796000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Counterfeiting Attacks on an RDH-EI Scheme Based on Block-Permutation and Co-XOR"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2909-0295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2544-4324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingfeng","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9853-1720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadi","family":"Amirpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology (ITEC), University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0031-5243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Timmerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Alpen-Adria-Universitat Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2683-0419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongjie","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2573308"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2011.2114651"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2013.2248725"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2799381"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2023.3342700"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2024.3459024"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3436880"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2024.3405717"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2017.12.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2018.2844679"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2598528"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-017-5498-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-4049-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2018.03.001"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2018.2863029","article-title":"A high capacity multi-level approach for reversible data hiding in encrypted images","volume":"29","author":"Ge Haoli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haoli Ge, Yan Chen, Zhenxing Qian, and Jianjun Wang. 2019. A high capacity multi-level approach for reversible data hiding in encrypted images. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 29, 8 (August 2019), 2285\u20132295.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2019.04.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2021.3062699"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2021.02.079","article-title":"Reversible data hiding in encrypted images with block-based adaptive MSB encoding","volume":"567","author":"Wang Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu Wang, Chin-Chen Chang, and Chia-Chen Lin. 2021. Reversible data hiding in encrypted images with block-based adaptive MSB encoding. Information Sciences 567 (August 2021), 375\u2013394.","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2023.109357"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2008.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2010.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2489178"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-09379-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2021.3069811","article-title":"On the security of block permutation and Co-XOR in reversible data hiding","volume":"32","author":"Qu Lingfeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lingfeng Qu, Hongjie He, and Fan Chen. 2022. On the security of block permutation and Co-XOR in reversible data hiding. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 32, 3 (March 2022), 920\u2013932.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2024.101914"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2021.3090588"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2017.09.020"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","first-page":"4199","article-title":"Reversible data hiding with hierarchical block variable length coding for cloud security","volume":"20","author":"Xu Shuying","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shuying Xu, Ji-Hwei Horng, Ching-Chun Chang, and Chin-Chen Chang. 2022. Reversible data hiding with hierarchical block variable length coding for cloud security. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 20, 5 (2022), 4199\u20134213.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3719294","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3719294","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T18:43:21Z","timestamp":1750272201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3719294"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3719294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3719294","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-6857","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-6865","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}