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The crash-state space grows exponentially as the number of operations in the program increases, necessitating techniques for pruning the search space. However, state-of-the-art crash-state space pruning is far from ideal. Some techniques look for known buggy patterns or bound the exploration for efficiency, but they sacrifice coverage and may miss bugs lodged deep within applications. Other techniques eliminate redundancy in the search space by skipping identical crash states, but they still fail to scale to larger applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In this work, we propose\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">representative testing<\/jats:italic>\n                    : a new crash-state space reduction strategy that achieves high scalability and high coverage. Our key observation is that the consistency of crash states is often correlated, even if those crash states are not identical. We build\n                    <jats:sc>Pathfinder<\/jats:sc>\n                    , a crash-consistency testing tool that implements an\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">update behaviors-based<\/jats:italic>\n                    heuristic to approximate a small set of representative crash states.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We evaluate\n                    <jats:sc>Pathfinder<\/jats:sc>\n                    on POSIX-based and MMIO-based applications, where it finds 18 (7 new) bugs across 8 production-ready systems.\n                    <jats:sc>Pathfinder<\/jats:sc>\n                    scales more effectively to large applications than prior works and finds 4\u00d7 more bugs in POSIX-based applications and 8\u00d7 more bugs in MMIO-based applications compared to state-of-the-art systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3720431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T13:48:26Z","timestamp":1744206506000},"page":"477-506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Scalable and Accurate Application-Level Crash-Consistency Testing via Representative Testing"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8292-7232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yile","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science &amp; Engineering, Seattle, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9721-781X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Computer Science and Engineering, Ann Arbor, USA"},{"name":"Veridise, Austin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2752-5664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiexiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science &amp; Engineering, Seattle, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4521-6778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaun Christopher","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Paul G. 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