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The crash-state space grows exponentially as the number of operations in the program increases, necessitating techniques for pruning the search space. However, state-of-the-art crash-state space pruning is far from ideal. Some techniques look for known buggy patterns or bound the exploration for efficiency, but they sacrifice coverage and may miss bugs lodged deep within applications. Other techniques eliminate redundancy in the search space by skipping identical crash states, but they still fail to scale to larger applications.\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \nIn this work, we propose representative testing: a new crash-state space reduction strategy that achieves high scalability and high coverage. Our key observation is that the consistency of crash states is often correlated, even if those crash states are not identical. We build Pathfinder, a crash-consistency testing tool that implements an update behaviors-based heuristic to approximate a small set of representative crash states. \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \nWe evaluate Pathfinder on POSIX-based and MMIO-based applications, where it finds 18 (7 new) bugs across 8 production-ready systems. Pathfinder scales more effectively to large applications than prior works and finds 4x more bugs in POSIX-based applications and 8x more bugs in MMIO-based applications compared to state-of-the-art systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3720431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T13:48:26Z","timestamp":1744206506000},"page":"477-506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Scalable and Accurate Application-Level Crash-Consistency Testing via Representative Testing"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8292-7232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yile","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9721-781X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"},{"name":"Veridise, Austin, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2752-5664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiexiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4521-6778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaun Christopher","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5409-4367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5137-587X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Musa","family":"Haydar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7468-4205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Van Geffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veridise, Austin, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1213-0342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohan","family":"Kadekodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0785-4119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6122-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baris","family":"Kasikci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Correlated Crash Vulnerabilities. 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