{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:50:17Z","timestamp":1790927417378,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"OOPSLA1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UKRI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MR\/T043830\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T043830\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Program. Lang."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Effect handlers are a powerful abstraction for defining, customising, and composing computational effects. Statically ensuring that all effect operations are handled requires some form of effect system, but using a traditional effect system would require adding extensive effect annotations to the millions of lines of existing code in these languages. Recent proposals seek to address this problem by removing the need for explicit effect polymorphism. However, they typically rely on fragile syntactic mechanisms or on introducing a separate notion of second-class function. We introduce a novel approach based on modal effect types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3720476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T13:48:26Z","timestamp":1744206506000},"page":"1130-1157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Modal Effect Types"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6589-3821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhao","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7046-3035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jane Street, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4609-9101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Dolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jane Street, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4730-9315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Hillerstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1360-4714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Lindley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3538-9688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Lorenzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3408972"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-30829-1_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40206-7_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlamp.2014.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3158096"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3371116"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3618003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3527320"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3428194"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3434331"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3408993"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-89366-2_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0956796820000039"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3622871"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-30044-8_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3450952"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2500365.2500582"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","volume-title":"Ph. D. Dissertation","author":"Gratzer Daniel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daniel Gratzer. 2023. Syntax and semantics of modal type theory. Ph. D. Dissertation. Aarhus University."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3373718.3394736"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46298\/LMCS-17(3:11)2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daniel Hillerstr\u00f6m and Sam Lindley. 2016. Liberating Effects with Rows and Handlers (TyDe 2016). Association for Computing Machinery New York NY USA 15\u201327. doi:10.1145\/2976022.2976033.","DOI":"10.1145\/2976022.2976033"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976022.2976033"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-02768-1_22"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0956796820000040"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7488\/era\/2122"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6423(94)00005-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2500365.2500590"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0956796820000131"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-89366-2_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/BSL.2023.14"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","first-page":"179","volume-title":"Revised Selected Papers from the Sixth Symposium on Trends in Functional Programming, TFP 2005, Tallinn, Estonia, 23-24 September 2005 (Trends in Functional Programming, Vol. 6),","author":"Leijen Daan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Daan Leijen. 2005. Extensible records with scoped labels. In Revised Selected Papers from the Sixth Symposium on Trends in Functional Programming, TFP 2005, Tallinn, Estonia, 23-24 September 2005 (Trends in Functional Programming, Vol. 6), Marko C. J. D. van Eekelen (Ed.). Intellect, 179\u2013194."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daan Leijen. 2017. Type Directed Compilation of Row-Typed Algebraic Effects. In Proceedings of the 44th ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL \u201917). Association for Computing Machinery New York NY USA 486\u2013499. doi:10.1145\/3009837.3009872.","DOI":"10.1145\/3009837.3009872"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sam Lindley Conor McBride and Craig McLaughlin. 2017. Do Be Do Be Do. In Proceedings of the 44th ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (Paris France) (POPL 2017). Association for Computing Machinery New York NY USA 500\u2013514. doi:10.1145\/3009837.3009897.","DOI":"10.1145\/3009837.3009897"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3674642"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"John M. Lucassen and David K. Gifford. 1988. Polymorphic Effect Systems. In POPL. ACM Press 47\u201357. doi:10.1145\/73560.73564.","DOI":"10.1145\/73560.73564"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290325"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1352582.1352591"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3622860"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3341714"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tomas Petricek Dominic Orchard and Alan Mycroft. 2014. Coeffects: a calculus of context-dependent computation. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming (Gothenburg Sweden) (ICFP \u201914). Association for Computing Machinery New York NY USA 123\u2013135. doi:10.1145\/2628136.2628160.","DOI":"10.1145\/2628136.2628160"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3622814"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/345099.345100"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","article-title":"Handling Algebraic Effects","volume":"9","author":"Plotkin Gordon D.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gordon D. Plotkin and Matija Pretnar. 2013. Handling Algebraic Effects. Log. Methods Comput. Sci. 9, 4 (2013).","journal-title":"Log. Methods Comput. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2168\/LMCS-10(3:21)2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/186677.186689"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/361011.361061"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0960129517000147"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46298\/ENTICS.12300"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3453483.3454039"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","first-page":"29","article-title":"Soundly Handling Linearity","volume":"8","author":"Tang Wenhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wenhao Tang, Daniel Hillerstr\u00f6m, Sam Lindley, and J. Garrett Morris. 2024. Soundly Handling Linearity. Proc. ACM Program. Lang. Article 54 (jan 2024), 8, POPL 29 pages.","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Program. Lang. Article 54 (jan 2024),"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2407.11816"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wenhao Tang Leo White Stephen Dolan Daniel Hillerstr\u00f6m Sam Lindley and Anton Lorenzen. 2025. OOPSLA25 Artifact for Modal Effect Types. doi:10.5281\/zenodo.14982742.","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.14982742"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2302.01415"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2775050.2633358"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3563289"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3674655"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3607850"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2404.16381"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290318"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4230\/LIPICS.ECOOP.2022.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3473580"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3720476","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3720476","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:30:50Z","timestamp":1787589050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3720476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"OOPSLA1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3720476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3720476","relation":{},"ISSN":["2475-1421"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2475-1421","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}