{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T03:28:11Z","timestamp":1782444491365,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Comput. Surv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) initiated the lightweight cryptography (LWC) competition to facilitate Internet of Things (IoT) application security. This review explores hardware implementations of the NIST LWC finalists, studying their performance. A detailed comparison of FPGA and ASIC implementations is provided, summarizing both straightforward and optimized designs. It serves as a valuable resource for engineers and researchers, aiding in the selection of algorithms tailored to specific IoT application requirements. ASCON emerges as the most balanced performer, offering excellent throughput, area efficiency, and security. Meanwhile, TinyJAMBU and Grain128-AEAD excel in constrained environments and low-latency use cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3721122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T11:02:56Z","timestamp":1740740576000},"page":"1-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Review and Analysis of FPGA and ASIC Implementations of NIST Lightweight Cryptography Finalists"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9117-9864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelia","family":"Konstantopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Patras, Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3221-7189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Athanasiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Patras, Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9034-4277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Sklavos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Patras, Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2022.100467"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218126619300095"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2767291"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","author":"NIST","year":"2018","unstructured":"NIST. 2018. Submission requirements and evaluation criteria for the lightweight cryptography. Retrieved April 23rd, 2025 from https:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/CSRC\/media\/Projects\/Lightweight-Cryptography\/documents\/final-lwc-submission-requirements-august2018.pdf","journal-title":"Submission requirements and evaluation criteria for the lightweight cryptography"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11244199"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","article-title":"Systematic testing of lightweight cryptographic implementations","author":"Pugh Sydney","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sydney Pugh, M. S. Raunak, D. Richard Kuhn, and Raghu Kacker. 2019. Systematic testing of lightweight cryptographic implementations. 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Cryptology {ePrint} Archive 2023, 484 (2023), 62. https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2020\/1207, last accessed on April 23rd, 2025.","journal-title":"Cryptology {ePrint} Archive"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jasmin Kaur Alvaro Cintas Canto Mehran Mozaffari Kermani and Reza Azarderakhsh. 2023. A comprehensive survey on the implementations attacks and countermeasures of the current NIST lightweight cryptography standard. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.06222 (2023). 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