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Cyber-Phys. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and AI presents both opportunities and challenges. AI operates on the principle that \u201cgood things happen probabilistically,\u201d while CPS adheres to the principle that \u201call bad things must not happen,\u201d requiring uncertainty-awareness. Furthermore, the difference between AI\u2019s resource accessibility assumption and CPS\u2019s resource limitations highlights the need for resource-awareness. We introduce Cyber-Physical AI (CPAI), an interdisciplinary sub-field of AI and CPS research, to address these constraints. To the best of our knowledge, CPAI is the first research domain on CPS-AI integration. We propose a 3D classification schema of CPAI: Constraint (C), Purpose (P), and Approach (A). We also systematize the CPS-AI integration process into three phases and nine steps. By analyzing 104 studies, we highlight nine key challenges and insights from a CPAI perspective. CPAI aims to unify fragmented studies and provide guidance for reliable and resource-efficient integration of AI as a component of CPS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3721437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T16:25:21Z","timestamp":1741278321000},"page":"1-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cyber-Physical AI: Systematic Research Domain for Integrating AI and Cyber-Physical Systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8160-8952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanghoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3014-7559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiyeong","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9904-043X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haewon","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2142-0481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taehyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7430-0256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeong-Gi","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1400-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doo-Sik","family":"Um","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6999-1841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taewoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4807-6461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung-Joon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2012.09.006","article-title":"Cyber-physical systems: Milestones and research challenges","volume":"36","author":"Park Kyung-Joon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kyung-Joon Park, Rong Zheng, and Xue Liu. 2012. 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