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Storage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    To scale out the massive metadata access, the Ceph distributed file system (CephFS) adopts a\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">dynamic subtree partitioning<\/jats:italic>\n                    method, splitting the hierarchical namespace and distributing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">subtrees<\/jats:italic>\n                    across multiple metadata servers. However, this method suffers from a severe imbalance problem that may result in poor performance due to its inaccurate imbalance prediction, ignorance of workload characteristics, and unnecessary\/invalid migration activities. To eliminate these inefficiencies, we propose Lunule, a novel CephFS metadata load balancer, which employs an\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">imbalance factor model<\/jats:italic>\n                    for accurately determining\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">when<\/jats:italic>\n                    to trigger re-balance and tolerate unharmful imbalanced situations. Lunule further adopts a\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">workload-aware migration planner<\/jats:italic>\n                    to appropriately select subtree migration candidates. Finally, we extend Lunule to Lunule\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , which models metadata accesses into matrices, and employs matrix-based formulas for more accurate load prediction and re-balance decision. Compared to baselines, Lunule achieves better load balance, increases the metadata throughput by up to 315.8%, and shortens the tail job completion time by up to 64.6% for five real-world workloads and their mixture, respectively. Besides, Lunule is capable of handling the metadata cluster expansion and the workload growth, and scales linearly on a 16-node cluster. Compared to Lunule, Lunule\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    achieves up to 64.96% better metadata load balance, and 13.53-86.09% higher throughput.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3721483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T05:11:38Z","timestamp":1741151498000},"page":"1-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Towards Agile and Judicious Metadata Load Balancing for Ceph File System via Matrix-based Modeling"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8694-3979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyang","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CS. Dept, University of Science and Technology of China","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8787-0134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiduo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CS. Dept, University of Science and Technology of China","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7064-6120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CS. Dept, University of Science and Technology of China","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9771-6438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hengyu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CS. Dept, University of Science and Technology of China","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6869-2109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenhan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CS. 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