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Traditional consensus middleware between network and application layers proves inadequate for AI-focused blockchain and federated learning. Thus, an AI-driven application-level consensus with quality-assured enablers is imperative.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We propose Proof-of-INtelligence (PIN), an application-level consensus for AI-based blockchain and federated learning, ensuring AI enabler quality. To the best of our knowledge, PIN pioneers the first AI-centric application-level consensus for distributed environments. Employing enablers like accuracy and training quality, PIN is showcased in the federated learning setup \u201cPIN in BlOckchAin-based fedeRateD learning (PIN-BOARD),\u201d the first AI-specific consensus application in blockchain-based federated learning. Both PIN and PIN-BOARD are the highlights of our contributions to the presented work and emphasize the novelty. PIN is the first AI-centric application-level consensus for blockchain and pioneers decentralized AI assurance; PIN addresses the limitations of existing consensus protocols and advances blockchain-based federated learning through the novel framework called PIN-BOARD. Experimental evaluation involves PIN\u2019s accuracy, confirmation time, and a new AI-assurance factor metric. PIN-BOARD\u2019s assessment includes testing accuracy and reward accuracy. A thorough security analysis ensures the strength of PIN and PIN-BOARD. The comparative evaluation highlights PIN\u2019s 20% throughput enhancement and efficient artificial index. PIN-BOARD reduces epochs by 28.5% for peak federated learning accuracy as compared to existing federated models. Thus, PIN emerges as an efficient AI-driven application-level consensus with AI assurance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3721845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T11:19:01Z","timestamp":1741087141000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PIN: Application-Level Consensus for Blockchain-Based Artificial Intelligence Frameworks"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4751-2195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tannishtha","family":"Devgun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy and International School of Advance Studies, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3921-9512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy and Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0026-149X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulshan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Padova, Italy and Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3612-1934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seta.2022.102039"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. 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