{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T13:21:09Z","timestamp":1773926469241,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 62425207 and U21B2007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 62425207 and U21B2007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Comput. Surv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As a key enabling technology of the Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G communication networks, millimeter wave (mmWave) backscatter has undergone noteworthy advancements and brought significant improvement to prevailing sensing and communication systems. Past few years have witnessed growing efforts in innovating mmWave backscatter transmitters (e.g., tags and metasurfaces) and the corresponding techniques, which provide efficient information embedding and fine-grained signal manipulation for mmWave backscatter technologies. These efforts have greatly enabled a variety of appealing applications, such as long-range localization, roadside-to-vehicle communication, coverage optimization and large-scale identification. In this article, we carry out a comprehensive survey to systematically summarize the works related to the topic of mmWave backscatter. Firstly, we introduce the scope of this survey and provide a taxonomy to distinguish two categories of mmWave backscatter research based on the operating principle of the backscatter transmitter: modulation-based and relay-based. Furthermore, existing works in each category are grouped and introduced in detail, with their common applications, platforms and technologies, respectively. Finally, we elaborate on potential directions and discuss related surveys in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3723004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T11:30:31Z","timestamp":1741779031000},"page":"1-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Survey of mmWave Backscatter: Applications, Platforms, and Technologies"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9384-5915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yimiao","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6676-4009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5172-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7325-4144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaming","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6942-4696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9885-3436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9696-773X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziheng","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI","author":"Abari Omid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Omid Abari, Dinesh Bharadia, Austin Duffield, and Dina Katabi. 2017. Enabling high-quality untethered virtual reality. In Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Abari Omid","year":"2016","unstructured":"Omid Abari, Haitham Hassanieh, Michael Rodreguiz, and Dina Katabi. 2016. Poster: A millimeter wave software defined radio platform with phased arrays. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1109\/4234.913150","article-title":"On the estimation of the K parameter for the Rice fading distribution","volume":"5","author":"Abdi Ali","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ali Abdi, Cihan Tepedelenlioglu, Mostafa Kaveh, and Georgios Giannakis. 2002. On the estimation of the K parameter for the Rice fading distribution. IEEE Communications Letters 5, 3 (2002), 92\u201394.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Letters"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Infineon Technologies AG. 2023. DEMO DISTANCE2GO. Retrieved 20 February 2025 from https:\/\/www.infineon.com\/cms\/en\/product\/evaluation-boards\/demo-distance2go\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","article-title":"Active reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: Expanding the frontiers of wireless Communication-A survey","author":"Ahmed Manzoor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Manzoor Ahmed, Salman Raza, Aized Amin Soofi, Feroz Khan, Wali Ullah Khan, Syed Zain Ul Abideen, Fang Xu, and Zhu Han. 2024. Active reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: Expanding the frontiers of wireless Communication-A survey. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials (2024), 1\u201333.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"Airfide. 2023. Airfide a 5G Software Company. Retrieved 20 February 2025 from https:\/\/airfidenet.com\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2017.9","article-title":"Technologies for 5G networks: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"19","author":"Al-Falahy Naser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Naser Al-Falahy and Omar Y. Alani. 2017. Technologies for 5G networks: Challenges and opportunities. IEEE IT Professional 19, 1 (2017), 12\u201320.","journal-title":"IEEE IT Professional"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI","author":"Arun Venkat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Venkat Arun and Hari Balakrishnan. 2020. RFocus: Beamforming using thousands of passive antennas. In Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiSys","author":"Bae Kang Min","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kang Min Bae, Namjo Ahn, Yoon Chae, Parth Pathak, Sung-Min Sohn, and Song Min Kim. 2022. OmniScatter: Extreme sensitivity mmWave backscattering using commodity FMCW radar. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiSys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiSys","author":"Bae Kang Min","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kang Min Bae, Hankyeol Moon, and Song Min Kim. 2024. SuperSight: Sub-cm NLOS localization for mmWave backscatter. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiSys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiSys","author":"Bae Kang Min","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kang Min Bae, Hankyeol Moon, Sung-Min Sohn, and Song Min Kim. 2023. Hawkeye: Hectometer-range subcentimeter localization for large-scale mmWave backscatter. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiSys."},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2021-0790","article-title":"Dynamic millimeter-wave OAM beam generation through programmable metasurface","volume":"11","author":"Bai Xudong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xudong Bai, Fuli Zhang, Li Sun, Anjie Cao, Chong He, Jin Zhang, and Weiren Zhu. 2022. Dynamic millimeter-wave OAM beam generation through programmable metasurface. Nanophotonics 11, 7 (2022), 1389\u20131399.","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2016.2550338"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7578","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2022.3171728","article-title":"Low-profile dual-polarized multi-beam antenna based on pillbox reflector and 3D-printed ridged waveguide","volume":"70","author":"Cao Yuanxi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuanxi Cao, Guy A. E. Vandenbosch, and Sen Yan. 2022. Low-profile dual-polarized multi-beam antenna based on pillbox reflector and 3D-printed ridged waveguide. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 70, 9 (2022), 7578\u20137591.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.32862","article-title":"A low-profile high-gain multi-beam antenna based on 3D-printed cylindrical Luneburg lens","volume":"63","author":"Cao Yuanxi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yuanxi Cao and Sen Yan. 2021. A low-profile high-gain multi-beam antenna based on 3D-printed cylindrical Luneburg lens. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 63, 7 (2021), 1965\u20131971.","journal-title":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters"},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41181","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.475888","article-title":"Generation of multi-OAM beams using a compact dual-mode source and a 3D-printed Luneburg lens","volume":"30","author":"Cao Yuanxi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuanxi Cao, Sen Yan, Wendong Liu, and Jianxing Li. 2022. Generation of multi-OAM beams using a compact dual-mode source and a 3D-printed Luneburg lens. Optics Express 30, 23 (2022), 41181\u201341195.","journal-title":"Optics Express"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2022.3196643","article-title":"3D printed multi-Beam OAM antenna based on quasi-optical beamforming network","volume":"41","author":"Cao Yuanxi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuanxi Cao, Sen Yan, Sifan Wu, and Jianxing Li. 2023. 3D printed multi-Beam OAM antenna based on quasi-optical beamforming network. Journal of Lightwave Technology 41, 7 (2023), 2196\u20132204.","journal-title":"Journal of Lightwave Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM WiNTECH","author":"Chae Yoon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoon Chae, Kang Min Bae, Parth Pathak, and Song Min Kim. 2020. On the feasibility of millimeter-wave backscatter using commodity 802.11 ad 60 GHz radios. In Proceedings of the ACM WiNTECH."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI","author":"Chae Yoon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yoon Chae, Zhenzhe Lin, Kang Min Bae, Song Min Kim, and Parth Pathak. 2024. mmComb: High-speed mmWave commodity WiFi backscatter. In Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Chen Baicheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baicheng Chen, Huining Li, Zhengxiong Li, Xingyu Chen, Chenhan Xu, and Wenyao Xu. 2020. ThermoWave: A new paradigm of wireless passive temperature monitoring via mmWave sensing. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE ISAP","author":"Chen Bao-Jie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bao-Jie Chen, Huan Yi, Kung Bo Ng, Shi-Wei Qu, and Chi Hou Chan. 2016. 3D printed reflectarray antenna at 60 GHz. In Proceedings of the IEEE ISAP."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM HotMobile","author":"Chen Haoze","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haoze Chen and Yasaman Ghasempour. 2022. Malicious mmWave reconfigurable surface: Eavesdropping through harmonic steering. In Proceedings of the ACM HotMobile."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI","author":"Chen Lili","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lili Chen, Wenjun Hu, Kyle Jamieson, Xiaojiang Chen, Dingyi Fang, and Jeremy Gummeson. 2021. Pushing the physical limits of IoT devices with programmable metasurfaces. In Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2024.110235","article-title":"A survey of millimeter wave backscatter communication systems","author":"Chen Weilin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weilin Chen, Wei Yang, and Wei Gong. 2024. A survey of millimeter wave backscatter communication systems. Computer Networks 242 (2024), 110235.","journal-title":"Computer Networks"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the NDSS","author":"Chen Xingyu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xingyu Chen, Zhengxiong Li, Baicheng Chen, Yi Zhu, Chris Xiaoxuan Lu, Zhengyu Peng, Feng Lin, Wenyao Xu, Kui Ren, and Chunming Qiao. 2023. MetaWave: Attacking mmWave sensing with meta-material-enhanced tags. In Proceedings of the NDSS."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE ICPADS","author":"Chen Yande","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yande Chen, Yuan He, Yimiao Sun, Awais Ahmad Siddiqi, Jia Zhang, and Xiuzhen Guo. 2024. mmTAI: Biometrics-assisted multi-person tracking with mmWave radar. In Proceedings of the IEEE ICPADS."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","article-title":"Wireless sensing for material identification: A survey","author":"Chen Yande","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yande Chen, Chongzhi Xu, Kexin Li, Jia Zhang, Xiuzhen Guo, Meng Jin, Xiaolong Zheng, and Yuan He. 2024. Wireless sensing for material identification: A survey. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials (2024), 1\u201321.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI","author":"Cho Kun Woo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kun Woo Cho, Mohammad H. Mazaheri, Jeremy Gummeson, Omid Abari, and Kyle Jamieson. 2023. mmWall: A steerable, transflective metamaterial surface for NextG mmWave networks. In Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/18.30982"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Dehbashi Farzan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farzan Dehbashi, Ali Abedi, Tim Brecht, and Omid Abari. 2021. Verification: Can WiFi backscatter replace RFID?. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE VTC","author":"Dunna Manideep","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manideep Dunna, Kshitiz Bansal, Sanjeev Anthia Ganesh, Eamon Patamasing, and Dinesh Bharadia. 2023. R-fiducial: Millimeter wave radar fiducials for sensing traffic infrastructure. In Proceedings of the IEEE VTC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Dunna Manideep","year":"2020","unstructured":"Manideep Dunna, Chi Zhang, Daniel Sievenpiper, and Dinesh Bharadia. 2020. ScatterMIMO: Enabling virtual MIMO with smart surfaces. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.7.001729"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2023.3305981","article-title":"Integrated sensing and backscatter communication","author":"Galappaththige Diluka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Diluka Galappaththige, Chintha Tellambura, and Amine Maaref. 2023. Integrated sensing and backscatter communication. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 12, 12 (2023), 2043\u20132047.","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128890","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3227499","article-title":"Link budget analysis for backscatter-based passive IoT","volume":"10","author":"Galappaththige Diluka A. Loku","year":"2022","unstructured":"Diluka A. Loku Galappaththige, Fatemeh Rezaei, Chintha Tellambura, and Sanjeewa Herath. 2022. Link budget analysis for backscatter-based passive IoT. IEEE Access 10 (2022), 128890\u2013128922.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","first-page":"152","article-title":"Cooperative scheme for backscatter-aided passive relay communications in wireless-powered D2D networks","volume":"9","author":"Gao Xiaozheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiaozheng Gao, Dusit Niyato, Kai Yang, and Jianping An. 2021. Cooperative scheme for backscatter-aided passive relay communications in wireless-powered D2D networks. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 9, 1 (2021), 152\u2013164.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700393"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SenSys","author":"Ghasempour Yasaman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yasaman Ghasempour, Chia-Yi Yeh, Rabi Shrestha, Yasith Amarasinghe, Daniel Mittleman, and Edward W. Knightly. 2020. LeakyTrack: Non-coherent single-antenna nodal and environmental mobility tracking with a leaky-wave antenna. In Proceedings of the ACM SenSys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3004197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2019.1800335"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2995512"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3103810","article-title":"Optimization-driven hierarchical learning framework for wireless powered backscatter-aided relay communications","volume":"21","author":"Gong Shimin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shimin Gong, Yuze Zou, Jing Xu, Dinh Thai Hoang, Bin Lyu, and Dusit Niyato. 2021. Optimization-driven hierarchical learning framework for wireless powered backscatter-aided relay communications. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 21, 2 (2021), 1378\u20131391.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.002.2200028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE IPSN","author":"Guo Junchen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Junchen Guo, Meng Jin, Yuan He, Weiguo Wang, and Yunhao Liu. 2021. Dancing waltz with ghosts: Measuring sub-mm-level 2d rotor orbit with a single mmwave radar. In Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE IPSN."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Wireless power transfer via mmWave power beacons with directional beamforming","volume":"8","author":"Guo Jing","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jing Guo, Xiangyun Zhou, and Salman Durrani. 2018. Wireless power transfer via mmWave power beacons with directional beamforming. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 8, 1 (2018), 17\u201320.","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM","author":"Hassanieh Haitham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haitham Hassanieh, Omid Abari, Michael Rodriguez, Mohammed Abdelghany, Dina Katabi, and Piotr Indyk. 2018. Fast millimeter wave beam alignment. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3638767"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2016.2523924"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108691383","volume-title":"Ambient Backscatter Communication Networks","author":"Hoang Dinh Thai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dinh Thai Hoang, Dusit Niyato, Dong In Kim, Nguyen Van Huynh, and Shimin Gong. 2020. Ambient Backscatter Communication Networks. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eran Hof Amichai Sanderovich Mohammad Salama and Evyatar Hemo. 2020. Face verification using 802.11 waveforms. In Proceedings of IEEEICHMS. 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHMS49158.2020.9209328"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6894454"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE IPSN","author":"King Thomas Horton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thomas Horton King, Jizheng He, Chun-Kai Yao, Akarsh Prabhakara, Mohamad Alipour, Swarun Kumar, Anthony Rowe, and Elahe Soltanaghai. 2023. Platypus: Sub-mm micro-displacement sensing with passive millimeter-wave tags as \u201cPhase Carriers\u201d. In Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE IPSN."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900534"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Iizuka Tatsuya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tatsuya Iizuka, Takuya Sasatani, Toru Nakamura, Naoko Kosaka, Masaki Hisada, and Yoshihiro Kawahara. 2023. MilliSign: mmWave-Based passive signs for guiding UAVs in poor visibility conditions. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","unstructured":"Analog Devices Incorporated. 2023. Evaluating the TINYRAD 24 GHz Demonstration Platform. Retrieved 20 February 2025 from https:\/\/www.analog.com\/en\/design-center\/evaluation-hardware-and-software\/evaluation-boards-kits\/eval-tinyrad.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","unstructured":"Analog Devices Incorporated. 2023. Radar Demonstration Platform. Evaluates Radar Chipset Including the ADF5901 ADF5904 and ADF4159. Retrieved 20 February 2025 from https:\/\/www.analog.com\/en\/design-center\/evaluation-hardware-and-software\/evaluation-boards-kits\/eval-demorad.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","unstructured":"Texas Instruments Incorporated. 2023. 76-GHz to 81-GHz High-performance Automotive MMIC. Retrieved 20 February 2025 from https:\/\/www.ti.com\/product\/AWR1243"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","unstructured":"Texas Instruments Incorporated. 2023. AWR1642: Single-chip 76-GHz to 81-GHz Automotive Radar Sensor Integrating DSP and MCU. Retrieved 20 February 2025 from https:\/\/www.ti.com\/product\/AWR1642"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","unstructured":"Texas Instruments Incorporated. 2023. IWR1443BOOST: IWR1443 Single-chip 76-GHz to 81-GHz mmWave Sensor Evaluation Module. Retrieved 20 February 2025 from https:\/\/www.ti.com\/tool\/IWR1443BOOST"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","unstructured":"Texas Instruments Incorporated. 2023. IWR6843ISK-ODS: IWR6843 Intelligent mmWave Overhead Detection Sensor (ODS) Antenna Plug-in Module. Retrieved 20 February 2025 from https:\/\/www.ti.com\/tool\/IWR6843ISK-ODS"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","unstructured":"INRAS. 2023. Radarbook2 Software Frameworks. Retrieved 20 February 2025 from https:\/\/inras.at\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/RBK2_Software_01.pdf"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2012.2187410","article-title":"Leaky-wave antennas","volume":"100","author":"Jackson David R.","year":"2012","unstructured":"David R. Jackson, Christophe Caloz, and Tatsuo Itoh. 2012. Leaky-wave antennas. Proceedings of the IEEE 100, 7 (2012), 2194\u20132206.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2005.846970"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Jiang Chengkun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chengkun Jiang, Junchen Guo, Yuan He, Meng Jin, Shuai Li, and Yunhao Liu. 2020. mmVib: Micrometer-level vibration measurement with mmwave radar. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SenSys","author":"Jiang Haotian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haotian Jiang, Jiacheng Zhang, Xiuzhen Guo, and Yuan He. 2021. Sense me on the ride: Accurate mobile sensing over a LoRa backscatter channel. In Proceedings of the ACM SenSys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Jiang Jinyan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jinyan Jiang, Zhenqiang Xu, Fan Dang, and Jiliang Wang. 2021. Long-range ambient LoRa backscatter with parallel decoding. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","article-title":"Backscatter communication meets practical battery-free Internet of Things: A survey and outlook","author":"Jiang Tao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tao Jiang, Yu Zhang, Wenyuan Ma, Miaoran Peng, Yuxiang Peng, Mingjie Feng, and Guanghua Liu. 2023. Backscatter communication meets practical battery-free Internet of Things: A survey and outlook. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials 25, 3 (2023), 2021\u20132051.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiSys","author":"Jiao Wenli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wenli Jiao, Yanlin Li, Xiangdong Xi, Ju Wang, Dingyi Fang, and Xiaojiang Chen. 2023. BioScatter: Low-power sweat sensing with backscatter. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiSys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE IPSN","author":"Jin Meng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meng Jin, Yuan He, Chengkun Jiang, and Yunhao Liu. 2020. Fireworks: Channel estimation of parallel backscattered signals. In Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE IPSN."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2021.3058977"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI","author":"Kludze Atsutse","year":"2023","unstructured":"Atsutse Kludze and Yasaman Ghasempour. 2023. LeakyScatter: A frequency-agile directional backscatter network above 100 GHz. In Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Kludze Atsutse","year":"2022","unstructured":"Atsutse Kludze, Rabi Shrestha, Chowdhury Miftah, Edward Knightly, Daniel Mittleman, and Yasaman Ghasempour. 2022. Quasi-optical 3D localization using asymmetric signatures above 100 GHz. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118698723","volume-title":"Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures","author":"Kondepudi Dilip","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dilip Kondepudi and Ilya Prigogine. 2014. Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures. John Wiley and Sons."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2823819","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of Luneburg lens antennas using space-filling curves and fused filament fabrication","volume":"66","author":"Larimore Zachary","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zachary Larimore, Sarah Jensen, Austin Good, Aric Lu, John Suarez, and Mark Mirotznik. 2018. Additive manufacturing of Luneburg lens antennas using space-filling curves and fused filament fabrication. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 66, 6 (2018), 2818\u20132827.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SenSys","author":"Li Chenning","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chenning Li, Hanqing Guo, Shuai Tong, Xiao Zeng, Zhichao Cao, Mi Zhang, Qiben Yan, Li Xiao, Jiliang Wang, and Yunhao Liu. 2021. Nelora: Towards ultra-low snr lora communication with neural-enhanced demodulation. In Proceedings of the ACM SenSys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM HotMobile","author":"Li Tianxiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tianxiang Li, Mohammad Hossein Mazaheri, and Omid Abari. 2022. 5g in the sky: The future of high-speed internet via unmanned aerial vehicles. In Proceedings of the ACM HotMobile."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Li Tianxiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tianxiang Li, Mohammad Hossein Mazaheri, and Omid Abari. 2024. Enabling on-demand low-power mmWave repeaters via passive beamforming. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Li Xinyi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xinyi Li, Chao Feng, Fengyi Song, Chenghan Jiang, Yangfan Zhang, Ke Li, Xinyu Zhang, and Xiaojiang Chen. 2022. Protego: Securing wireless communication via programmable metasurface. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI","author":"Li Xinyi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xinyi Li, Chao Feng, Xiaojing Wang, Yangfan Zhang, Yaxiong Xie, and Xiaojiang Chen. 2023. RF-Bouncer: A programmable dual-band metasurface for sub-6 wireless networks. In Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2899013","article-title":"Multibeam 3-D-printed Luneburg lens fed by magnetoelectric dipole antennas for millimeter-wave MIMO applications","volume":"67","author":"Li Yujian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yujian Li, Lei Ge, Meie Chen, Zhan Zhang, Zheng Li, and Junhong Wang. 2019. Multibeam 3-D-printed Luneburg lens fed by magnetoelectric dipole antennas for millimeter-wave MIMO applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 67, 5 (2019), 2923\u20132933.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SenSys","author":"Li Zhengxiong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhengxiong Li, Baicheng Chen, Zhuolin Yang, Huining Li, Chenhan Xu, Xingyu Chen, Kun Wang, and Wenyao Xu. 2019. Ferrotag: A Paper-based mmwave-Scannable tagging infrastructure. In Proceedings of the ACM SenSys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM HotMobile","author":"Li Zhuqi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhuqi Li, Can Wu, Sigurd Wagner, James C. Sturm, Naveen Verma, and Kyle Jamieson. 2021. Reits: Reflective surface for intelligent transportation systems. In Proceedings of the ACM HotMobile."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI","author":"Li Zhuqi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhuqi Li, Yaxiong Xie, Longfei Shangguan, Rotman Ivan Zelaya, Jeremy Gummeson, Wenjun Hu, and Kyle Jamieson. 2019. Towards programming the radio environment with large arrays of inexpensive antennas. In Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897824.2925953"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700615"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.002.2200206"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-019-1561-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","article-title":"Real-time continuous activity recognition with a commercial mmWave radar","author":"Liu Yunhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yunhao Liu, Jia Zhang, Yande Chen, Weiguo Wang, Songzhou Yang, Xin Na, Yimiao Sun, and Yuan He. 2024. Real-time continuous activity recognition with a commercial mmWave radar. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 24, 3 (2024), 1684\u20131698.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM","author":"Lu Haofan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haofan Lu, Mohammad Mazaheri, Reza Rezvani, and Omid Abari. 2023. A millimeter wave backscatter network for two-way communication and localization. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","volume-title":"Mathematical Theory of Optics","author":"Luneburg Rudolf Karl","year":"1966","unstructured":"Rudolf Karl Luneburg. 1966. Mathematical Theory of Optics. Univ of California Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao Luo Umut Demirhan and Ahmed Alkhateeb. 2024. ISAC with backscattering RFID tags: Joint beamforming design. In Proceedings of IEEE ICC. 921\u2013925.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC51166.2024.10622961"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2022.3227925","article-title":"5G\/mm-Wave fully-passive dual rotman lens-based harmonic mmID for long range microlocalization over wide angular ranges","volume":"71","author":"Lynch Charles","year":"2023","unstructured":"Charles Lynch, Ajibayo O. Adeyeye, Aline Eid, Jimmy G. D. Hester, and Manos M. Tentzeris. 2023. 5G\/mm-Wave fully-passive dual rotman lens-based harmonic mmID for long range microlocalization over wide angular ranges. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 71, 1 (2023), 330\u2013338.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","first-page":"1222","article-title":"Sensing, computing, and communications for energy harvesting IoTs: A survey","volume":"22","author":"Ma Dong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dong Ma, Guohao Lan, Mahbub Hassan, Wen Hu, and Sajal K. Das. 2019. Sensing, computing, and communications for energy harvesting IoTs: A survey. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials 22, 2 (2019), 1222\u20131250.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Ma Ruichun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ruichun Ma, Shicheng Zheng, Hao Pan, Lili Qiu, Xingyu Chen, Liangyu Liu, Yihong Liu, Wenjun Hu, and Ju Ren. 2024. AutoMS: Automated service for mmWave coverage optimization using low-cost metasurfaces. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","unstructured":"Ahmed Magbool Vaibhav Kumar Qingqing Wu Marco Di Renzo and Mark F. Flanagan. 2024. A survey on integrated sensing and communication with intelligent metasurfaces: Trends challenges and opportunities. arXiv:2401.15562. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2401.15562"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE ICPADS","author":"Mao Ziheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ziheng Mao, Yuan He, Jia Zhang, Yimiao Sun, Yadong Xie, and Xiuzhen Guo. 2024. mmHRR: Monitoring heart rate recovery with millimeter wave radar. In Proceedings of the IEEE ICPADS."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2014.2302004","article-title":"Flat Luneburg lens via transformation optics for directive antenna applications","volume":"62","author":"Mateo-Segura Carolina","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carolina Mateo-Segura, Amy Dyke, Hazel Dyke, Sajad Haq, and Yang Hao. 2014. Flat Luneburg lens via transformation optics for directive antenna applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 62, 4 (2014), 1945\u20131953.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM","author":"Mazaheri Mohammad H.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammad H. Mazaheri, Soroush Ameli, Ali Abedi, and Omid Abari. 2019. A millimeter wave network for billions of things. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM","author":"Mazaheri Mohammad Hossein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohammad Hossein Mazaheri, Alex Chen, and Omid Abari. 2021. mmtag: A millimeter wave backscatter network. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2399419","article-title":"Leaky-wave theory, techniques, and applications: From microwaves to visible frequencies","volume":"103","author":"Monticone Francesco","year":"2015","unstructured":"Francesco Monticone and Andrea Alu. 2015. Leaky-wave theory, techniques, and applications: From microwaves to visible frequencies. Proceedings of the IEEE 103, 5 (2015), 793\u2013821.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiSys","author":"Na Xin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xin Na, Xiuzhen Guo, Zihao Yu, Jia Zhang, Yuan He, and Yunhao Liu. 2023. Leggiero: Analog WiFi backscatter with payload transparency. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiSys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6979964"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.23919\/JCIN.2019.8917868","article-title":"An overview on backscatter communications","volume":"4","author":"Niu Jin-Ping","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jin-Ping Niu and Geoffrey Ye Li. 2019. An overview on backscatter communications. Journal of Communications and Information Networks 4, 2 (2019), 1\u201314.","journal-title":"Journal of Communications and Information Networks"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM","author":"Nolan John","year":"2021","unstructured":"John Nolan, Kun Qian, and Xinyu Zhang. 2021. RoS: Passive smart surface for roadside-to-vehicle communication. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","article-title":"Miniaturized mmWave tri-band VCO using self-and mutual-mode-controlled inductor","author":"Oh Seongwoog","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seongwoog Oh and Jungsuek Oh. 2023. Miniaturized mmWave tri-band VCO using self-and mutual-mode-controlled inductor. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 71, 10 (2023), 4404\u20134415.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM","author":"Okubo Ryu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ryu Okubo, Luke Jacobs, Jinhua Wang, Steven Bowers, and Elahe Soltanaghai. 2024. Integrated two-way radar backscatter communication and sensing with low-power IoT tags. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","article-title":"Turbocharging ambient backscatter communication","author":"Parks Aaron N.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aaron N. Parks, Angli Liu, Shyamnath Gollakota, and Joshua R. Smith. 2014. Turbocharging ambient backscatter communication. Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 44, 4 (2014), 619\u2013630.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2677910","article-title":"Miniaturized millimeter-wave radar sensor for high-accuracy applications","volume":"65","author":"Pauli Mario","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mario Pauli, Benjamin G\u00f6ttel, Steffen Scherr, Akanksha Bhutani, Serdal Ayhan, Wolfgang Winkler, and Thomas Zwick. 2017. Miniaturized millimeter-wave radar sensor for high-accuracy applications. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 65, 5 (2017), 1707\u20131715.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiSys","author":"Prabhakara Akarsh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akarsh Prabhakara, Vaibhav Singh, Swarun Kumar, and Anthony Rowe. 2020. Osprey: A mmWave approach to tire wear sensing. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiSys."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2872381","article-title":"Energy beamforming in wireless powered mmWave sensor networks","volume":"37","author":"Psomas Constantinos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Constantinos Psomas and Ioannis Krikidis. 2018. Energy beamforming in wireless powered mmWave sensor networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 37, 2 (2018), 424\u2013438.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Qian Kun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kun Qian, Lulu Yao, Xinyu Zhang, and Tse Nga Ng. 2022. MilliMirror: 3D printed reflecting surface for millimeter-wave coverage expansion. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Qian Kun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kun Qian, Lulu Yao, Kai Zheng, Xinyu Zhang, and Tse Nga Ng. 2023. UniScatter: A metamaterial backscatter tag for wideband joint communication and radar sensing. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introduction to mmWave sensing: FMCW radars","author":"Rao Sandeep","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sandeep Rao. 2017. Introduction to mmWave sensing: FMCW radars. TI mmWave Training Series (2017), 1\u201311.","journal-title":"TI mmWave Training Series"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1109\/MIM.2021.9436094","article-title":"RFID sensing technologies for smart agriculture","volume":"24","author":"Rayhana Rakiba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rakiba Rayhana, Gaozhi Xiao, and Zheng Liu. 2021. RFID sensing technologies for smart agriculture. IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine 24, 3 (2021), 50\u201360.","journal-title":"IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3259224"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing","author":"Richards Mark A.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mark A. Richards. 2022. Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing. McGraw-Hill Education."},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3924","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.3044668","article-title":"Reflecting luneburg lenses","volume":"69","author":"Ruiz-Garcia Jorge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jorge Ruiz-Garcia, Enrica Martini, Cristian Della Giovampaola, David Gonz\u00e1lez-Ovejero, and Stefano Maci. 2020. Reflecting luneburg lenses. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 69, 7 (2020), 3924\u20133935.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2783373","article-title":"Modal analysis and propagation characteristics of leaky waves on a 2-D periodic leaky-wave antenna","volume":"66","author":"Sengupta Sohini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sohini Sengupta, David R. Jackson, and Stuart A. Long. 2018. Modal analysis and propagation characteristics of leaky waves on a 2-D periodic leaky-wave antenna. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 66, 3 (2018), 1181\u20131191.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM WiSec","author":"Shaikhanov Zhambyl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhambyl Shaikhanov, Fahid Hassan, Hichem Guerboukha, Daniel Mittleman, and Edward Knightly. 2022. Metasurface-in-the-middle attack: From theory to experiment. In Proceedings of the ACM WiSec."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1960.1144877","article-title":"Van Atta reflector array","volume":"8","author":"Sharp E.","year":"1960","unstructured":"E. Sharp and M. Diab. 1960. Van Atta reflector array. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 8, 4 (1960), 436\u2013438.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE ICPADS","author":"Siddiqi Awais Ahmad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Awais Ahmad Siddiqi, Yuan He, Yande Chen, Yimiao Sun, Shufan Wang, and Yadong Xie. 2024. mmJaw: Remote jaw gesture recognition with COTS mmWave radar. In Proceedings of the IEEE ICPADS."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Soltanaghaei Elahe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elahe Soltanaghaei, Akarsh Prabhakara, Artur Balanuta, Matthew Anderson, Jan M. Rabaey, Swarun Kumar, and Anthony Rowe. 2021. Millimetro: mmWave retro-reflective tags for accurate, long range localization. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SenSys","author":"Sun Yimiao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yimiao Sun, Yuan He, Zhang Jiacheng, Na Xin, Chen Yande, Weiguo Wang, and Guo Xiuzhen. 2023. BIFROST: Reinventing WiFi signals based on dispersion effect for accurate indoor localization. In Proceedings of the ACM SenSys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2023.3335860"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM","author":"Tan Xin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xin Tan, Zhi Sun, Dimitrios Koutsonikolas, and Josep M. Jornet. 2018. Enabling indoor mobile millimeter-wave networks based on smart reflect-arrays. In Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","article-title":"Integrated sensing and communication for symbiotic radio with multiple IoT devices","author":"Tao Qin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qin Tao, Chongwen Huang, and Xiaoming Chen. 2024. Integrated sensing and communication for symbiotic radio with multiple IoT devices. IEEE Communications Letters 28, 8 (2024), 1820\u20131824.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Letters"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","article-title":"Backscatter communication-based wireless sensing (BBWS): Performance enhancement and future applications","author":"Toro Usman Saleh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Usman Saleh Toro, Basem M. ElHalawany, Aslan B. Wong, Lu Wang, and Kaishun Wu. 2022. Backscatter communication-based wireless sensing (BBWS): Performance enhancement and future applications. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 208 (2022), 103518.","journal-title":"Journal of Network and Computer Applications"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2841964","article-title":"Ambient backscatter communications: A contemporary survey","volume":"20","author":"Huynh Nguyen Van","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nguyen Van Huynh, Dinh Thai Hoang, Xiao Lu, Dusit Niyato, Ping Wang, and Dong In Kim. 2018. Ambient backscatter communications: A contemporary survey. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials 20, 4 (2018), 2889\u20132922.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/36.3038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/PROC-676-Y7.8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJAP.2020.3028220"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI","author":"Wang Anran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anran Wang, Vikram Iyer, Vamsi Talla, Joshua R. Smith, and Shyamnath Gollakota. 2017. FM backscatter: Enabling connected cities and smart fabrics. In Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiSys","author":"Wang Ju","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ju Wang, Liqiong Chang, Omid Abari, and Srinivasan Keshav. 2019. Are RFID sensing systems ready for the real world?. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiSys."},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","first-page":"3502","article-title":"An experimental study of WiMAX-based passive radar","volume":"58","author":"Wang Qing","year":"2010","unstructured":"Qing Wang, Chunping Hou, and Yilong Lu. 2010. An experimental study of WiMAX-based passive radar. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 58, 12 (2010), 3502\u20133510.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Wang Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song Wang, Jingqi Huang, and Xinyu Zhang. 2020. Demystifying millimeter-wave V2X: Towards robust and efficient directional connectivity under high mobility. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Wang Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song Wang, Jingqi Huang, Xinyu Zhang, Hyoil Kim, and Sujit Dey. 2020. X-array: Approximating omnidirectional millimeter-wave coverage using an array of phased arrays. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3124946","article-title":"Ultra-reliable and low-latency wireless communications in the high SNR regime: A cross-layer tradeoff","volume":"70","author":"Wang Yalei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yalei Wang, Wei Chen, and H. Vincent Poor. 2021. Ultra-reliable and low-latency wireless communications in the high SNR regime: A cross-layer tradeoff. IEEE Transactions on Communications 70, 1 (2021), 149\u2013162.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Communications"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SenSys","author":"Woodford Timothy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Timothy Woodford, Kun Qian, and Xinyu Zhang. 2023. Metasight: High-resolution NLoS radar sensing through efficient metasurface encoding. In Proceedings of the ACM SenSys."},{"issue":"21","key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10704","DOI":"10.3390\/app122110704","article-title":"Three-dimensional printed, dual-band, dual-circularly polarized antenna array using gap waveguide technology","volume":"12","author":"Wu Sifan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sifan Wu, Jianxing Li, Yuanxi Cao, Sen Yan, Kaida Xu, and Hung Luyen. 2022. Three-dimensional printed, dual-band, dual-circularly polarized antenna array using gap waveguide technology. Applied Sciences 12, 21 (2022), 10704.","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109235"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2023.3234173","article-title":"Millimeter-wave phased array antenna integrated with the industry design in 5G\/B5G smartphones","volume":"71","author":"Xia Xiaoyue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiaoyue Xia, Chao Yu, Fan Wu, Zhi Hao Jiang, Yun-Li Li, Yu Yao, and Wei Hong. 2023. Millimeter-wave phased array antenna integrated with the industry design in 5G\/B5G smartphones. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 71, 2 (2023), 1883\u20131888.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2009.2026593","article-title":"Periodic leaky-wave antenna for millimeter wave applications based on substrate integrated waveguide","volume":"58","author":"Xu Feng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Feng Xu, Ke Wu, and Xiupu Zhang. 2009. Periodic leaky-wave antenna for millimeter wave applications based on substrate integrated waveguide. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 58, 2 (2009), 340\u2013347.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","first-page":"2181","article-title":"Dual-band reflective metagratings with interleaved meta-wires","volume":"69","author":"Xu Gengyu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gengyu Xu, Sean Victor Hum, and George V. Eleftheriades. 2020. Dual-band reflective metagratings with interleaved meta-wires. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 69, 4 (2020), 2181\u20132193.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Xu Xieyang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xieyang Xu, Yang Shen, Junrui Yang, Chenren Xu, Guobin Shen, Guojun Chen, and Yunzhe Ni. 2017. Passivevlc: Enabling practical visible light backscatter communication for battery-free iot applications. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3822","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2017.2720185","article-title":"Design of a miniaturized on-chip bandpass filter using edge-coupled resonators for millimeter-wave applications","volume":"64","author":"Yang Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang Yang, Xi Zhu, Eryk Dutkiewicz, and Quan Xue. 2017. Design of a miniaturized on-chip bandpass filter using edge-coupled resonators for millimeter-wave applications. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 64, 9 (2017), 3822\u20133828.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_147_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Yu Zhanghao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhanghao Yu, Fatima T. Alrashdan, Wei Wang, Matthew Parker, Xinyu Chen, Frank Y. Chen, Joshua Woods, Zhiyu Chen, Jacob T. Robinson, and Kaiyuan Yang. 2022. Magnetoelectric backscatter communication for millimeter-sized wireless biomedical implants. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_148_2","article-title":"FarSense: Pushing the range limit of WiFi-based respiration sensing with CSI ratio of two antennas","author":"Zeng Youwei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Youwei Zeng, Dan Wu, Jie Xiong, Enze Yi, Ruiyang Gao, and Daqing Zhang. 2019. FarSense: Pushing the range limit of WiFi-based respiration sensing with CSI ratio of two antennas. Proceedings of the ACM IMWUT 3, 3 (2019), 1\u201326.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM IMWUT"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_149_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM","author":"Zhang Jingyuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jingyuan Zhang and Douglas M. Blough. 2022. Optimizing coverage with intelligent surfaces for indoor mmWave networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_150_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE SECON","author":"Zhang Jia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jia Zhang, Xin Na, Rui Xi, Yimiao Sun, and Yuan He. 2023. mmHawkeye: Passive UAV detection with a COTS mmWave radar. In Proceedings of the IEEE SECON."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_151_2","article-title":"A survey of mmWave-based human sensing: Technology, platforms and applications","author":"Zhang Jia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jia Zhang, Rui Xi, Yuan He, Yimiao Sun, Xiuzhen Guo, Weiguo Wang, Xin Na, Yunhao Liu, Zhenguo Shi, and Tao Gu. 2023. A survey of mmWave-based human sensing: Technology, platforms and applications. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials 25, 4 (2023), 2052\u20132087.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_152_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ambiear: Mmwave based voice recognition in nlos scenarios","volume":"6","author":"Zhang Jia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jia Zhang, Yinian Zhou, Rui Xi, Shuai Li, Junchen Guo, and Yuan He. 2022. Ambiear: Mmwave based voice recognition in nlos scenarios. Proceedings of the ACM IMWUT 6, 3 (2022), 1\u201325.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM IMWUT"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03831-7","article-title":"Ultra-thin high-efficiency mid-infrared transmissive Huygens meta-optics","volume":"9","author":"Zhang Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li Zhang, Jun Ding, Hanyu Zheng, Sensong An, Hongtao Lin, Bowen Zheng, Qingyang Du, Gufan Yin, Jerome Michon, Yifei Zhang, et\u00a0al. 2018. Ultra-thin high-efficiency mid-infrared transmissive Huygens meta-optics. Nature Communications 9, 1 (2018), 1481.","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_2_154_2","first-page":"3977","article-title":"Millimeter-wave integrated phased arrays","volume":"68","author":"Zhao Dixian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dixian Zhao, Peng Gu, Jiecheng Zhong, Na Peng, Mengru Yang, Yongran Yi, Jiajun Zhang, Pingyang He, Yuan Chai, Zhihui Chen, et\u00a0al. 2021. Millimeter-wave integrated phased arrays. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 68, 10 (2021), 3977\u20133990.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_155_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Zhao Renjie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Renjie Zhao, Timothy Woodford, Teng Wei, Kun Qian, and Xinyu Zhang. 2020. M-cube: A millimeter-wave massive MIMO software radio. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_156_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom","author":"Zhao Renjie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Renjie Zhao, Fengyuan Zhu, Yuda Feng, Siyuan Peng, Xiaohua Tian, Hui Yu, and Xinbing Wang. 2019. OFDMA-enabled Wi-Fi backscatter. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_157_2","unstructured":"Zongyao Zhao Yuhan Dong Tiankuo Wei Xiao-Ping Zhang Xinke Tang and Zhenyu Liu. 2024. B-ISAC: Backscatter integrated sensing and communication for 6G IoE applications. arXiv:2407.19235. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2407.19235"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4172","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.2970028","article-title":"Transversely slotted SIW leaky-wave antenna featuring rapid beam-scanning for millimeter-wave applications","volume":"68","author":"Zheng Dongze","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dongze Zheng, Yue-Long Lyu, and Ke Wu. 2020. Transversely slotted SIW leaky-wave antenna featuring rapid beam-scanning for millimeter-wave applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 68, 6 (2020), 4172\u20134185.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_159_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE ICNP","author":"Zhou Zongheng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zongheng Zhou, Himanshu Gupta, Samir R. Das, and Xianjin Zhu. 2007. Slotted scheduled tag access in multi-reader RFID systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE ICNP."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_160_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM MobiSys","author":"Zhu Fengyuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fengyuan Zhu, Mingwei Ouyang, Luwei Feng, Yaoyu Liu, Xiaohua Tian, Meng Jin, Dongyao Chen, and Xinbing Wang. 2022. Enabling software-defined PHY for backscatter networks. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiSys."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_161_2","article-title":"TRIDENT: Interference avoidance in multi-reader backscatter network via frequency-space division","author":"Zou Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang Zou, Xin Na, Yimiao Sun, and Yuan He. 2024. TRIDENT: Interference avoidance in multi-reader backscatter network via frequency-space division. IEEE\/ACM Transactions on Networking (2024), 1\u201313.","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Transactions on Networking"}],"container-title":["ACM Computing Surveys"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3723004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3723004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T01:56:41Z","timestamp":1750298201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3723004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3723004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3723004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-0300","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}