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Hum.-Robot Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Small-size autonomous vehicles have reached a level of technological maturity that enables their use as efficient means for goods delivery. Yet, current designs of both ground and aerial vehicles fail to address potential information needs of bystanders:\n            <jats:italic>What is this robot doing? Can it harm me? Does it need help?<\/jats:italic>\n            Through a series of six co-design workshops (\n            <jats:inline-formula content-type=\"math\/tex\">\n              <jats:tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\" version=\"MathJax\">\\(N = 22\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>\n            ), we iteratively explore two types of autonomous healthcare delivery vehicles, namely aerial and ground robots, with a focus on bystanders\u2019 perspectives and interaction needs between bystanders and AVs. The resulting design propositions were then synthesized into functional scale-model prototypes of a healthcare delivery robot and drone. We validate our co-design findings by conducting two laboratory Wizard-of-Oz experiments (\n            <jats:inline-formula content-type=\"math\/tex\">\n              <jats:tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\" version=\"MathJax\">\\(N = 24\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>\n            ). Our results demonstrate how familiar colors and iconography support goal sharing and bystanders in recognizing the delivery vehicle\u2019s purpose and intentions. Mapping interaction needs of bystanders, we find contextual effects on bystander attitudes and the effectiveness of communication modalities. This work contributes to the design of future, socially acceptable small-size delivery vehicles fit for human spaces.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3724131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T17:43:24Z","timestamp":1742319804000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["\u201cI Have a Package For Mr. and Mrs. Smith, Can You Point Me to Their House?\u201d\u2014Co-Designing Bystanders\u2019 Interaction with Autonomous Delivery Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4643-8264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Kr\u00e4mer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"OFFIS Institute for Information Technology, Oldenburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3988-8847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eyal","family":"Ginosar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magic Lab, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be\u2019er Sheva, Israel"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5931-3218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Koelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OFFIS Institute for Information Technology, Oldenburg, Germany and RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Wiesbaden, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4654-2644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heiko","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4293-1623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Boll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8916-8787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Cauchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magic Lab, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be\u2019er Sheva, Israel and TU Wien, Vienna, Austria"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3264899"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-022-00894-x"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12989","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12989","article-title":"Drones in medicine\u2014the rise of the machines","volume":"71","author":"Balasingam Manohari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Manohari Balasingam. 2017. 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