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Furthermore, HotStuff-1 incorporates an incentive-compatible leader rotation design that motivates leaders to propose transactions promptly. HotStuff-1 achieves a reduction of two network hops by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">speculatively<\/jats:italic>\n                    sending clients early finality confirmations, after one phase of the protocol. Introducing speculation into streamlined protocols is challenging because, unlike stable-leader protocols, these protocols cannot stop the consensus and recover from failures. Thus, we identify\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">prefix speculation dilemma<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the context of streamlined protocols; HotStuff-1 is the first streamlined protocol to resolve it. HotStuff-1 embodies an additional mechanism,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">slotting<\/jats:italic>\n                    , that thwarts delays caused by (1) rationally-incentivized leaders and (2) malicious leaders inclined to sabotage others' progress. The slotting mechanism allows leaders to dynamically drive as many decisions as allowed by network transmission delays before view timers expire, thus mitigating both threats.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3725308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T21:23:29Z","timestamp":1750281809000},"page":"1-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["HotStuff-1: Linear Consensus with One-Phase Speculation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7867-3681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dakai","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3240-1840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suyash","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7038-7250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dahlia","family":"Malkhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2779-6080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Sadoghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","unstructured":"2010. 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