{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:24:20Z","timestamp":1760059460520,"version":"build-2065373602"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":72,"publisher":"ACM","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3725783.3764396","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:50:12Z","timestamp":1760032212000},"page":"176-184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Towards Microsecond-Scale VM Core Provisioning Agility on Serverless Platforms"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5254-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yibo","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7683-7400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seo Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"AMD Secure Encrypted Virtualization (SEV). https:\/\/www.amd.com\/en\/developer\/sev.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"AWS EMR Serverless. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/emr\/serverless."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"AWS Nitro System. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/ec2\/nitro\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Azure Confidential VM. https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/confidential-computing\/virtual-machine-options"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Confidential Containers. https:\/\/confidentialcontainers.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Confidential Containers on Azure Container Instances. https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/container-instances\/container-instances-confidential-overview"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Confidential Containers with Azure Red Hat OpenShift. https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/openshift\/confidential-containers-overview"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"CPU Hotplug in the Kernel \u2014 The Linux Kernel Documentation. https:\/\/docs.kernel.org\/core-api\/cpu_hotplug.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Databricks: Run your Databricks job with serverless compute for work-flows. https:\/\/docs.databricks.com\/en\/workflows\/jobs\/run-serverless-jobs.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"GCP: Confidential VM Overview. https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/confidential-computing\/confidential-vm\/docs\/confidential-vm-overview"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Serverless GPUs on Google Cloud Run. https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/run\/docs\/configuring\/services\/gpu","author":"GCP","year":"2025","unstructured":"GCP: Serverless GPUs on Google Cloud Run. https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/run\/docs\/configuring\/services\/gpu. Accessed: January 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Google Dataproc Serverless Spark. https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/dataproc-serverless\/docs."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"gVisor. https:\/\/gvisor.dev\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"HyperLight: A Lightweight Hypervisor. Microsoft. https:\/\/github.com\/hyperlight-dev\/hyperlight"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Memory Hot(Un)Plug \u2014 The Linux Kernel Documentation. https:\/\/docs.kernel.org\/admin-guide\/mm\/memory-hotplug.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Redis. https:\/\/redis.io\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Databricks: Adaptive Query Execution. https:\/\/www.databricks.com\/blog\/2020\/05\/29\/adaptive-query-execution-speeding-up-spark-sql-at-runtime.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Diana-Maria Popa. Firecracker: Lightweight Virtualization for Serverless Applications. In 17th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 20)","author":"Agache Alexandru","unstructured":"Alexandru Agache, Marc Brooker, Alexandra Iordache, Anthony Liguori, Rolf Neugebauer, Phil Piwonka, and Diana-Maria Popa. Firecracker: Lightweight Virtualization for Serverless Applications. In 17th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 20). 419\u2013434. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/nsdi20\/presentation\/agache"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3929\/ETHZ-B-000652749"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Lidong Zhou. Apollo: Scalable and Coordinated Scheduling for Cloud-Scale Computing. In 11th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 14)","author":"Boutin Eric","unstructured":"Eric Boutin, Jaliya Ekanayake, Wei Lin, Bing Shi, Jingren Zhou, Zhengping Qian, Ming Wu, and Lidong Zhou. Apollo: Scalable and Coordinated Scheduling for Cloud-Scale Computing. In 11th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 14). 285\u2013300. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/osdi14\/technical-sessions\/presentation\/boutin"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3342195.3392698"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCA59077.2024.00039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Mae Milano. New Directions in Cloud Programming. In Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research. www.cidrdb.org. http:\/\/cidrdb.org\/cidr2021\/papers\/cidr2021_paper16","author":"Cheung Alvin","unstructured":"Alvin Cheung, Natacha Crooks, Joseph M. Hellerstein, and Mae Milano. New Directions in Cloud Programming. In Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research. www.cidrdb.org. http:\/\/cidrdb.org\/cidr2021\/papers\/cidr2021_paper16.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3373376.3378512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/224057.224076"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Adam Belay. Making Kernel Bypass Practical for the Cloud with Junction. In Proceedings of the 21st USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation. USENIX Association, 55\u201373","author":"Fried Joshua","unstructured":"Joshua Fried, Gohar Irfan Chaudhry, Enrique Saurez, Esha Choukse, Inigo Goiri, Sameh Elnikety, Rodrigo Fonseca, and Adam Belay. Making Kernel Bypass Practical for the Cloud with Junction. In Proceedings of the 21st USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation. USENIX Association, 55\u201373. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/nsdi24\/presentation\/fried"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 20)","author":"Fried Joshua","unstructured":"Joshua Fried, Zhenyuan Ruan, Amy Ousterhout, and Adam Belay. Caladan: Mitigating Interference at Microsecond Timescales. In 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 20). 281\u2013297. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/osdi20\/presentation\/fried"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alexander Fuerst Stanko Novakovi\u0107 \u00cd\u00f1igo Goiri Gohar Irfan Chaudhry Prateek Sharma Kapil Arya Kevin Broas Eugene Bak Mehmet Iyigun and Ricardo Bianchini. Memory-Harvesting VMs in Cloud Platforms. In Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS '22). Association for Computing Machinery New York NY USA 583\u2013594. 10.1145\/3503222.3507725","DOI":"10.1145\/3503222.3507725"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3445814.3446757"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Ganesh Ananthanarayanan. Altruistic Scheduling in Multi-Resource Clusters. In 12th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 16)","author":"Grandl Robert","unstructured":"Robert Grandl, Mosharaf Chowdhury, Aditya Akella, and Ganesh Ananthanarayanan. Altruistic Scheduling in Multi-Resource Clusters. In 12th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 16). 65\u201380. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/osdi16\/technical-sessions\/presentation\/grandl_altruistic"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2694344.2694384"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3620665.3640424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS49936.2021.00089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3721465.3721864"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3689031.3696073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 19)","author":"Kaffes Kostis","unstructured":"Kostis Kaffes, Timothy Chong, Jack Tigar Humphries, Adam Belay, David Mazi\u00e8res, and Christos Kozyrakis. Shinjuku: Preemptive Scheduling for \u03bcsecond-Scale Tail Latency. In 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 19). 345\u2013360. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/nsdi19\/presentation\/kaffes"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3102980.3103008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Tom Kuchler Pinghe Li Yazhuo Zhang Lazar Cvetkovi\u0107 Boris Goranov Tobias Stocker Leon Thomm Simone Kalbermatter Tim Notter Andrea Lattuada and Ana Klimovic. Unlocking True Elasticity for the Cloud-Native Era with Dandelion. arXiv:2505.01603 [cs.DC] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.01603"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3447786.3456248"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 22)","author":"Li Zijun","unstructured":"Zijun Li, Jiagan Cheng, Quan Chen, Eryu Guan, Zizheng Bian, Yi Tao, Bin Zha, Qiang Wang, Weidong Han, and Minyi Guo. {RunD}: A Lightweight Secure Container Runtime for High-density Deployment and High-concurrency Startup in Serverless Computing. In 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 22). 53\u201368. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/atc22\/presentation\/li-zijun-rund"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Minyi Guo. Help Rather Than Recycle: Alleviating Cold Startup in Serverless Computing Through Inter-Function Container Sharing. In 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 22)","author":"Li Zijun","unstructured":"Zijun Li, Linsong Guo, Quan Chen, Jiagan Cheng, Chuhao Xu, Deze Zeng, Zhuo Song, Tao Ma, Yong Yang, Chao Li, and Minyi Guo. Help Rather Than Recycle: Alleviating Cold Startup in Serverless Computing Through Inter-Function Container Sharing. In 2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 22). 69\u201384. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/atc22\/presentation\/li-zijun-help"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3585007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3567955.3567964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2557963.2566628"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132763"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TST.2015.7040515"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3721465.3721865"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Remzi Arpaci-Dusseau. SOCK: Rapid Task Provisioning with Serverless-Optimized Containers. In 2018 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 18)","author":"Oakes Edward","unstructured":"Edward Oakes, Leon Yang, Dennis Zhou, Kevin Houck, Tyler Harter, Andrea Arpaci-Dusseau, and Remzi Arpaci-Dusseau. SOCK: Rapid Task Provisioning with Serverless-Optimized Containers. In 2018 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 18). 57\u201370. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/atc18\/presentation\/oakes"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Hari Balakrishnan. Shenango: Achieving High CPU Efficiency for Latency-sensitive Datacenter Workloads. In 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 19)","author":"Ousterhout Amy","unstructured":"Amy Ousterhout, Joshua Fried, Jonathan Behrens, Adam Belay, and Hari Balakrishnan. Shenango: Achieving High CPU Efficiency for Latency-sensitive Datacenter Workloads. In 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 19). 361\u2013378. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/nsdi19\/presentation\/ousterhout"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1961296.1950399"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132780"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"John Ousterhout. Arachne: Core-Aware Thread Management. In 13th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 18)","author":"Qin Henry","unstructured":"Henry Qin, Qian Li, Jacqueline Speiser, Peter Kraft, and John Ousterhout. Arachne: Core-Aware Thread Management. In 13th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 18). 145\u2013160. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/osdi18\/presentation\/qin"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3600006.3613155"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3492321.3524272"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Schopp and Keir Fraser. Resizing Memory With Balloons and Hotplug. In Proceedings of the Linux Symposium","volume":"2","author":"Joel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Joel Schopp and Keir Fraser. Resizing Memory With Balloons and Hotplug. In Proceedings of the Linux Symposium, Vol. 2. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 313. https:\/\/kernel.org\/doc\/mirror\/ols2006v2.pdf#page=313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2465351.2465386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 20)","author":"Shahrad Mohammad","unstructured":"Mohammad Shahrad, Rodrigo Fonseca, \u00cd\u00f1igo Goiri, Gohar Chaudhry, Paul Batum, Jason Cooke, Eduardo Laureano, Colby Tresness, Mark Russinovich, and Ricardo Bianchini. Serverless in the Wild: Characterizing and Optimizing the Serverless Workload at a Large Cloud Provider. In 2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 20). 205\u2013218. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/atc20\/presentation\/shahrad"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Haibo Chen. Server-less Functions Made Confidential and Efficient with Split Containers. In 34th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 25)","author":"Shi Jiacheng","unstructured":"Jiacheng Shi, Jinyu Gu, Yubin Xia, and Haibo Chen. Server-less Functions Made Confidential and Efficient with Split Containers. In 34th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 25). 1091\u20131110. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/usenixsecurity25\/presentation\/shi-jiacheng"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Shillaker and Peter Pietzuch. Faasm: Lightweight Isolation for Efficient Stateful Serverless Computing. In 2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 20)","author":"Simon","unstructured":"Simon Shillaker and Peter Pietzuch. Faasm: Lightweight Isolation for Efficient Stateful Serverless Computing. In 2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 20). 419\u2013433. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/atc20\/presentation\/shillaker"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3694715.3695947"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2741948.2741964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/844128.844146"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"21st USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 24)","author":"Wang Zibo","unstructured":"Zibo Wang, Pinghe Li, Chieh-Jan Mike Liang, Feng Wu, and Francis Y. Yan. Autothrottle: A Practical Bi-Level Approach to Resource Management for SLO-Targeted Microservices. In 21st USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 24). 149\u2013165. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/nsdi24\/presentation\/wang-zibo"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3492321.3519553"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Haibo Chen. No Provisioned Concurrency: Fast RDMA-codesigned Remote Fork for Serverless Computing. In 17th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 23)","author":"Wei Xingda","unstructured":"Xingda Wei, Fangming Lu, Tianxia Wang, Jinyu Gu, Yuhan Yang, Rong Chen, and Haibo Chen. No Provisioned Concurrency: Fast RDMA-codesigned Remote Fork for Serverless Computing. In 17th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 23). 497\u2013517. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/osdi23\/presentation\/wei-rdma"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"2016 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 16)","author":"Yang Xi","unstructured":"Xi Yang, Stephen M. Blackburn, and Kathryn S. McKinley. Elfen Scheduling: Fine-Grain Principled Borrowing from Latency-Critical Workloads Using Simultaneous Multithreading. In 2016 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 16). 309\u2013322. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/atc16\/technical-sessions\/presentation\/yang"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3689031.3717490"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Not the Function: Rethinking Function Orchestration in Serverless Computing. In 20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 23)","author":"Yu Minchen","unstructured":"Minchen Yu, Tingjia Cao, Wei Wang, and Ruichuan Chen. Following the Data, Not the Function: Rethinking Function Orchestration in Serverless Computing. In 20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 23). 1489\u20131504. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/nsdi23\/presentation\/yu"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3698038.3698512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2465351.2465388"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shixuan Zhao Mengyuan Li Mengjia Yan and Zhiqiang Lin. Ditto: Elastic Confidential VMs with Secure and Dynamic CPU Scaling. 10.48550\/arXiv.2409.15542","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2409.15542"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3567955.3567960"}],"event":{"name":"APSys '25: 16th ACM SIGOPS Asia-Pacific Workshop on Systems","location":"Lotte Hotel World, Emerald Hall Seoul Republic of Korea","acronym":"APSys '25","sponsor":["SIGOPS ACM Special Interest Group on Operating Systems"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGOPS Asia-Pacific Workshop on Systems"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:52:06Z","timestamp":1760032326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3725783.3764396"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3725783.3764396","10.1145\/3725783"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3725783.3764396","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}