{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T22:10:07Z","timestamp":1755900607790,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNICO 5G I+D 6G-CLARION"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006374","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101139270, 101095871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101139270, 101095871"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Meas. Anal. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            In mobile communication systems, the increasing densification of radio access networks is creating unprecedented computational stress for baseband processing, threatening the industry's sustainability, and new computing paradigms are urgently needed to improve the efficiency of wireless processors. Quantum computing promises to revolutionize many computing-intensive tasks across diverse fields and therefore may be the key to realizing ultra-dense next-generation mobile systems that remain economically and environmentally viable. This paper investigates the potential of Quantum computing to accelerate Forward Error Correction (FEC), the most compute-heavy component of wireless processors. We first propose\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Qu4Fec,<\/jats:italic>\n            a novel solution for decoding Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes on Quantum Processing Units (QPUs), which we show to outperform state-of-the-art approaches, by reducing the Block Error Rate (BLER) by nearly an order of magnitude in simulation. We then implement\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Qu4Fec<\/jats:italic>\n            on a real-world QPU platform to study its practical viability and performance. Our experiments reveal that current cutting-edge QPU architectures curb the capabilities of FEC and expose the underlying factors, including long qubit chains, scaling, and quantization. Based on these insights, we suggest original blueprints for future QPUs that can better support Quantum-based wireless processors. Overall, this paper provides a reliable reality check for the feasibility of wireless processing on Quantum annealers: as QPUs start to be considered part of a possible 6G landscape, our work may open new research paths towards the design of FEC methods for Quantum-powered wireless processors.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3727128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T09:43:35Z","timestamp":1749030215000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Quantum Computing in the RAN with Qu4Fec: Closing Gaps Towards Quantum-based FEC processors"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0591-9887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Apostolakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMDEA Networks Institute and Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8103-1955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Sierra-Obea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9494-1853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Gramaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7402-3174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose A.","family":"Ayala-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEC Laboratories Europe, Madrid, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2005-2222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres","family":"Garcia-Saavedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEC Laboratories Europe, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0772-9967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMDEA Networks Institute, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-8537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Banchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMDEA Networks Institute and Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9654-6109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Costa-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i2CAT, NEC Laboratories Europe and ICREA, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2012.6392842"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"212","article-title":"NR; Multiplexing and Channel Coding","volume":"38","author":"GPP.","year":"2023","unstructured":"3GPP. 2023. NR; Multiplexing and Channel Coding. Technical Specification (TS) 38.212. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Version 18.0.0.","journal-title":"Technical Specification (TS)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"211","article-title":"NR; Physical Channels and Modulation","volume":"38","author":"GPP.","year":"2023","unstructured":"3GPP. 2023. NR; Physical Channels and Modulation. Technical Specification (TS) 38.211. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Version 18.0.0.","journal-title":"Technical Specification (TS)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"214","article-title":"NR;Physical Layer Procedures for Data","volume":"38","author":"GPP.","year":"2023","unstructured":"3GPP. 2023. NR;Physical Layer Procedures for Data. Technical Specification (TS) 38.214. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Version 18.0.0.","journal-title":"Technical Specification (TS)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2020.153197"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"AT&T. 2022. Cloudifying 5G with an Elastic RAN. https:\/\/about.att.com\/innovationblog\/2022\/cloudifying-5g-withelastic-ran.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Skipper: Improving the Reach and Fidelity of Quantum Annealers by Skipping Long Chains. arXiv:2312.00264 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2312.00264","author":"Ayanzadeh Ramin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramin Ayanzadeh and Moinuddin Qureshi. 2023. Skipper: Improving the Reach and Fidelity of Quantum Annealers by Skipping Long Chains. arXiv:2312.00264 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2312.00264"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177011077"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6736747"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Technical Report 14--1656A-A. D-Wave Technical Report.","author":"Boothby K.","year":"2021","unstructured":"K. Boothby, A. D. King, and J. Raymond. 2021. Zephyr Topology of D-Wave Quantum Processors. Technical Report 14--1656A-A. D-Wave Technical Report."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/prxquantum.2.040101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Jun Cai William G. Macready and Aidan Roy. 2014. A Practical Heuristic for Finding Graph Minors. arXiv:1406.2741"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2002.1188424"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIT.2005.1523374"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Vicky Choi. 2008. Minor-Embedding in Adiabatic Quantum Computation: I. The Parameter Setting Problem. arXiv:0804.4884 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/0804.4884"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-010-0200--3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"D-Wave Systems. 2024. Minorminer. https:\/\/github.com\/dwavesystems\/minorminer"},{"volume-title":"Roman Wyrzykowski","author":"Sarma Aditya Das","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Aditya Das Sarma, Utso Majumder, Vishnu Vaidya, M. Girish Chandra, A. Anil Kumar, and Sayantan Pramanik. 2023. On Quantum-Assisted LDPC Decoding Augmented with Classical Post-processing''. In ''Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics, Roman Wyrzykowski, Jack Dongarra, Ewa Deelman, and Konrad Karczewski (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 153--164."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2005.1577834"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1962.1057683"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Google. 2024. The Willow Quantum Processor: Advancements in Quantum Error Correction and Scalability. https:\/\/www.googlewillow.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC61510.2024.10601825"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SIPS.2004.1363033"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2004.839541"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-0404--1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"D-Wave Systems Inc. 2022. Advantage Datasheet. https:\/\/www.dwavequantum.com\/media\/htjclcey\/advantage_datasheet_v10.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23879"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3372224.3419207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3311204"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TQE.2023.3326469"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3318041.3355465"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Davide Venturelli, John Kaewell, and Kyle Jamieson.","author":"Kim Minsung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Minsung Kim, Abhishek Kumar Singh, Davide Venturelli, John Kaewell, and Kyle Jamieson. 2024. X-ResQ: Reverse Annealing for Quantum MIMO Detection with Flexible Parallelism. arXiv:2402.18778 [cs.NI] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.18778"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3341302.3342072"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3495243.3560516"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/QCE57702.2023.00052"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700487"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2023.114369"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2005.861748"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0066--6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SEC54971.2022.00070"},{"volume-title":"A Holistic Study of Power Consumption and Energy Savings Strategies for Open vRAN Systems. White Paper (February","year":"2023","key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"Mavenir. 2023. A Holistic Study of Power Consumption and Energy Savings Strategies for Open vRAN Systems. White Paper (February 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"Catherine McGeoch and Pau Farr\u00e9. 2022. Advantage\u2122 Processor Overview. Technical Report. D-Wave Systems. https:\/\/www.dwavesys.com\/media\/3xvdipcn\/14--1058a-a_advantage_processor_overview.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2995837"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"5G Open RAN Ecosystem. White Paper (June","author":"Docomo NTT","year":"2021","unstructured":"NTT Docomo. 2021. 5G Open RAN Ecosystem. White Paper (June 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"O-RAN Work Group 1 (Use Cases and Overall Architecture). 2024. Use Cases Analysis Report. https:\/\/specifications.oran.org\/specifications"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7249\/WRA2427--1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"Frank Phillipson. 2024. Quantum Computing in Logistics and Supply Chain Management anOverview. arXiv:2402.17520 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.17520"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Wilton","author":"Pinilla Jose P.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jose P. Pinilla and Steven J. E. Wilton. 2019. Layout-Aware Embedding for Quantum Annealing Processors. In High Performance Computing, Mich\u00e8le Weiland, Guido Juckeland, Carsten Trinitis, and Ponnuswamy Sadayappan (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 121--139."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978--3-031-04520--2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700839"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3636534.3649381"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1981.1056404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE46568.2020.9043057"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2058--9565\/ab7eeb"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam9288"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03557--5"},{"volume-title":"Embedding Algorithms for Quantum Annealers with Chimera and Pegasus Connection Topologies","author":"Zbinden Stefanie","key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"Stefanie Zbinden, Andreas B\u00e4rtschi, Hristo Djidjev, and Stephan Eidenbenz. 2020. Embedding Algorithms for Quantum Annealers with Chimera and Pegasus Connection Topologies. In High Performance Computing, Ponnuswamy Sadayappan, Bradford L. Chamberlain, Guido Juckeland, and Hatem Ltaief (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 187--206."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2003.1258984"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3727128","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3727128","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T21:30:18Z","timestamp":1755898218000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3727128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3727128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3727128","relation":{},"ISSN":["2476-1249"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2476-1249"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}