{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T20:04:55Z","timestamp":1768075495531,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006374","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant U21A20464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant U21A20464"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 2022YFE0113200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2022YFE0113200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Meas. Anal. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The prosperity of Ethereum has led to a rise in phishing scams. Initially, scammers lured users into transferring or granting tokens to Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). Now, they have shifted to deploying phishing contracts to deceive users. Specifically, scammers trick victims into either directly transferring tokens to phishing contracts or granting these contracts control over their tokens. Our research reveals that phishing contracts have resulted in significant financial losses for users. While several studies have explored cybercrime on Ethereum, to the best of our knowledge, the understanding of phishing contracts is still limited.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>In this paper, we present the first empirical study of phishing contracts on Ethereum. We first build a sample dataset including 790 reported phishing contracts, based on which we uncover the key features of phishing contracts. Then, we propose to collect phishing contracts by identifying suspicious functions from the bytecode and simulating transactions. With this method, we have built the first large-scale phishing contract dataset on Ethereum, comprising 37,654 phishing contracts deployed between December 29, 2022 and January 1, 2025. Based on the above dataset, we collect phishing transactions and then conduct the measurement from the perspectives of victim accounts, phishing contracts, and deployer accounts. Alarmingly, these phishing contracts have launched 211,319 phishing transactions, leading to 190.7 million in losses for 171,984 victim accounts. Moreover, we identify a large-scale phishing group deploying 85.7% of all phishing contracts, and it remains active at present. Our work aims to serve as a valuable reference in combating phishing contracts and protecting users' assets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3727138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T09:43:35Z","timestamp":1749030215000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Phishing Tactics Are Evolving: An Empirical Study of Phishing Contracts on Ethereum"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7794-2520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bowen","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China and Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dahbi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1485-2832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5132-3284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufeng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China and BlockSec, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7054-5773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dahbi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0178-0171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1675-5283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China and BlockSec, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7610-4736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yajin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China and BlockSec, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Is Bitcoin the best performing asset in the world this year? 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Retrieved Oct 8, 2024 from https:\/\/cryptoslate.com\/crypto-phishing-scammer-monkey-drainer-shuts-down-services"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Cyber Security Firm CertiK Unmasks Scammers Linked To $4.3M Porsche NFT Phishing Scam. Retrieved","year":"2024","unstructured":"2023. Cyber Security Firm CertiK Unmasks Scammers Linked To $4.3M Porsche NFT Phishing Scam. Retrieved Oct 8, 2024 from https:\/\/www.business2community.com\/nft-news\/cyber-security-firm-certik-unmasks-scammers-linked-to-4--3m-porsche-nft-phishing-scam-02617446"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"2023. Fake_Phishing8210 on etherscan.com has taken $1.24M in USDC from a victim. Retrieved Oct 8 2024 from https:\/\/twitter.com\/CertiKAlert\/status\/1623131855661805571"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Robinhood and NFT project Azukis Twitter hacked","year":"2024","unstructured":"2023. Robinhood and NFT project Azukis Twitter hacked; 122 NFTs worth 484.99 ETH stolen from the latter. Retrieved Oct 8, 2024 from https:\/\/gemhodlers.com\/robinhood-and-nft-project-azukis-twitter-hacked-122-nfts-worth-484--99-eth-stolen-from-the-latter"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Venom Drainer has Drained $27M from 15k victims. Retrieved","year":"2024","unstructured":"2023. Venom Drainer has Drained $27M from 15k victims. Retrieved Oct 8, 2024 from https:\/\/twitter.com\/realScamSniffer\/status\/1642813130454765568"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"2024. alchemy. https:\/\/www.alchemy.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"2024. Chainabuse. https:\/\/www.chainabuse.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"2024. Contract ABI Specification. https:\/\/docs.soliditylang.org\/en\/latest\/abi-spec.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"2024. Dedaub. https:\/\/app.dedaub.com\/decompile."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"2024. DeFiLlama. https:\/\/defillama.com\/chains."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"2024. 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Protecting Your Assets: Safeguarding Against Phishing Scams in Web3. https:\/\/blocksec.com\/blog\/protecting-your-assets-safeguarding-against-phishing-scams-in-web3."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"2024. Solidity. https:\/\/soliditylang.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"2024. Spin up your own Ethereum node. https:\/\/ethereum.org\/en\/developers\/docs\/nodes-and-clients\/run-a-node\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"2024. Uniswap. https:\/\/app.uniswap.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"2024. Uniswap V3: Multicall 2. https:\/\/etherscan.io\/address\/0x5ba1e12693dc8f9c48aad8770482f4739beed696."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"2024. USDC Banned Addresses. https:\/\/dune.com\/phabc\/usdc-banned-addresses."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"2024. Vyper. https:\/\/docs.vyperlang.org\/en\/latest\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"2024. Zero-dollar Purchases in Blur. https:\/\/x.com\/MetaSleuth\/status\/1633318417938939905."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2025","unstructured":"2025. Angel Drainer upgraded, deploying 300 malicious DApps in 4 days. Retrieved Jan 14, 2025 from https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/news\/angel-wallet-drainer-is-back-with-300-malicious-d-apps-and-counting-block-aid"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2025","unstructured":"2025. Binance deposit account 0x18c4. Retrieved Jan 13, 2025 from https:\/\/etherscan.io\/address\/0x18c4bf7c470069b9d18b6a5670e457de3983c299"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"2025. Crypto Threats Grow as Angel Drainer Takes Control of Inferno's Draining Tools Report 1. Retrieved Jan 14 2025 from https:\/\/www.bitget.com\/news\/detail\/12560604288409"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"2025. Crypto Threats Grow as Angel Drainer Takes Control of Inferno's Draining Tools Report 2. Retrieved Jan 14 2025 from https:\/\/x.com\/blockaid_\/status\/1849122383585571313"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2025","unstructured":"2025. Fake Phishing 182233. Retrieved Jan 14, 2025 from https:\/\/etherscan.io\/address\/ 0x000011387eb24f199e875b1325e4805efd3b0000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2025","unstructured":"2025. Fake Phishing 187019. Retrieved Jan 16, 2025 from https:\/\/etherscan.io\/address\/ 0x0000db5c8b030ae20308ac975898e09741e70000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2025","unstructured":"2025. Fake Phishing 188615. Retrieved Jan 16, 2025 from https:\/\/etherscan.io\/address\/ 0xed0e416e0feea5b484ba5c95d375545ac2b60572"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2025","unstructured":"2025. Fake Phishing 228344. 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Retrieved Jan 16, 2025 from https:\/\/etherscan.io\/address\/ 0x0000e53a54a68e047b73cffdea45f44368a60000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2025","unstructured":"2025. Fake Phishing 322778. Retrieved Jan 16, 2025 from https:\/\/etherscan.io\/address\/ 0x00000952c5165e391ed0f8adffcfaf45f3b80000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2025","unstructured":"2025. Fake Phishing 324041. Retrieved Jan 16, 2025 from https:\/\/etherscan.io\/address\/ 0x000099b4a4d3ceb370d3a8a6235d24e07a8c0000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2025","unstructured":"2025. Fake Phishing 328458. Retrieved Jan 14, 2025 from https:\/\/etherscan.io\/address\/ 0x29fb39f4bf464fabb96d9fe49e97d69b05d05bc3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2025","unstructured":"2025. Fake Phishing 532355. Retrieved Jan 14, 2025 from https:\/\/etherscan.io\/address\/ 0x0001be0b7008d9273edbac98e6c841972d458740"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2025","unstructured":"2025. Inferno Drainer Phishing Incident. Retrieved Jan 13, 2025 from https:\/\/etherscan.io\/tx\/0xb5f03259859c10243a85f7a9ca27d8b45e67ce6463800193634d27718ba162a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2025","unstructured":"2025. Phishing Contract 0x0005. Retrieved Jan 14, 2025 from https:\/\/etherscan.io\/address\/0x00055c007cbcef4d548c922a50dffe57f0699276"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2025","unstructured":"2025. Phishing contract 0xacbd. Retrieved Jan 14, 2025 from https:\/\/etherscan.io\/address\/0xacbd7c3357687be445985fcab1ff4551c88aa375"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2025","unstructured":"2025. Phishing transaction 0x829c. Retrieved Jan 14, 2025 from https:\/\/etherscan.io\/tx\/0x829c393b2b296e56089a4062f7da245ad6b64bd2550e68b934e5cfd3e9c0f4d4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2025","unstructured":"2025. Phishing transaction 0xa915. Retrieved Jan 14, 2025 from https:\/\/etherscan.io\/tx\/0xa9156965f8f7fe584a1bdad08edb134a5db10c46ecffb7660fc20dd9ec4d8b18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2025","unstructured":"2025. Phishing transaction 0xa915. Retrieved Jan 14, 2025 from https:\/\/etherscan.io\/tx\/0x842fe65219146cd3056d5a3dfb52533014da6d2a03e9dfccb33f10f749afa4d0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"2025. Transaction 0x59c3. Retrieved Jan 14 2025 from https:\/\/etherscan.io\/tx\/ 0x59c3116671b77cf3f9de44c6f38f676036ea8d3f19d0881860b4518f11c5f78b"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"2025. Transaction 0xaa4b. 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