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Specifically, we design an invariant features extractor to capture invariant features from multi-party data based on invariant risk minimization. Furthermore, we propose a hybrid modeling strategy to predict whether the borrower will default, and lessen the loss discrepancy to enhance the performance of the invariant features extractor. Empirical evaluation shows that the proposed method significantly outperforms the benchmarked methods in terms of both discrimination performance and granting performance. Ablation study further reveals the core performance-enhancing effect of every design artifact underlying ICS. The proposed approach can leverage a larger number of observations from multiple parties securely and effectively to train the model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3728366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T07:24:06Z","timestamp":1744010646000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Capturing Invariance on Multi-Party Data for Decentralized Credit Scoring"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3558-5905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoran","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology","place":["Hefei, China"]},{"name":"NingboTech University","place":["Hefei, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3352-3655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology","place":["Hefei, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6184-1565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hemant","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga","place":["Chattanooga, United States"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6492-4550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cuiqing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology","place":["Hefei, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2965-2761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanlin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology","place":["Hefei, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1535-5512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianfei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology","place":["Hefei, China"]}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_1","unstructured":"D. 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