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To address these challenges, we present BinQuery, a Natural Language-based BFR (NL-based BFR) framework that uses natural language queries to retrieve relevant binary functions with improved flexibility and precision. BinQuery introduces innovative techniques to bridge information gaps between binary code and natural language, achieves fine-grained alignment for enhanced retrieval accuracy, and leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) to refine queries and generate diverse descriptions. Our extensive experiments indicate that BinQuery surpasses current state-of-the-art methods, achieving a 42.55% increase in recall@1 and a 4\u00d7 improvement in performance on comparable benchmarks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3728927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]],"date-time":"2025-06-22T10:52:56Z","timestamp":1750589576000},"page":"1167-1189","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["BinQuery: A Novel Framework for Natural Language-Based Binary Code Retrieval"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1287-096X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bolun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Engineering at Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2318-9061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeyu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0536-5039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2377-7646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxin","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6059-4689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siliang","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Engineering at Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7894-8828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5624-2987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Engineering at Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6066-8044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beibei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Engineering at Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Eli Bendersky. 2024. pyelftools: A pure-Python library for parsing ELF and DWARF. https:\/\/github.com\/eliben\/pyelftools Accessed: 2024-10-31"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Tree-sitter: An Incremental Parsing System for Programming Tools. https:\/\/tree-sitter.github.io\/tree-sitter\/ Accessed: 2024-10-26","author":"Brunsfeld Max","year":"2018","unstructured":"Max Brunsfeld. 2018. 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