{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:30:14Z","timestamp":1787495414546,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"ISSTA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]],"date-time":"2025-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Softw. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>While existing machine learning (ML) frameworks focus on established platforms, like running CUDA on server-grade GPUs, there have been growing demands to enable emerging AI applications in a broader set of scenarios, such as running Large Language Models (LLMs) within browsers and mobile phones. However, deploying emerging models on new platforms (such as Metal and WebGPU) presents significant software engineering challenges due to rapid model evolution and limited tooling and practices for these platforms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Previous practice for ML model deployment often follows a bottom-up fashion, where engineers first implement individual required operators and then put them together. However, this traditional development approach fails to meet the productivity requirements when deploying emerging ML applications, with the testing and debugging part as a bottleneck. To this end, we introduce\n                    <jats:sc>TapML<\/jats:sc>\n                    , a top-down approach designed to streamline model deployment on diverse platforms. While the traditional bottom-up approach requires crafting manual tests,\n                    <jats:sc>TapML<\/jats:sc>\n                    automatically creates high-quality, realistic test data through operator-wise test carving. Furthermore,\n                    <jats:sc>TapML<\/jats:sc>\n                    uses a migration-based strategy to gradually offload model implementation from the mature source platform to the target platform, minimizing the debugging scope of compound errors.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:sc>TapML<\/jats:sc>\n                    has been used as the default development method in the MLC-LLM project to deploy emerging ML models. Within 2 years,\n                    <jats:sc>TapML<\/jats:sc>\n                    has accelerated the deployment of 105 emerging models in 27 model architectures across 5 emerging platforms. We show that\n                    <jats:sc>TapML<\/jats:sc>\n                    effectively boosts developer productivity while ensuring the quality of deployed models. Furthermore, we summarize comprehensive case studies from our real-world development, offering best practices for developing emerging ML systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3728957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]],"date-time":"2025-06-22T10:52:56Z","timestamp":1750589576000},"page":"1818-1840","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Productively Deploying Emerging Models on Emerging Platforms: A Top-Down Approach for Testing and Debugging"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4682-983X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyuan","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7122-8625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiawei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6400-5079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruihang","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5369-4593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlie","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0281-8271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5175-2702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5744-3940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn Abadi Paul Barham Jianmin Chen Zhifeng Chen Andy Davis Jeffrey Dean Matthieu Devin Sanjay Ghemawat Geoffrey Irving Michael Isard et al. 2016. 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