{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T23:20:38Z","timestamp":1784676038364,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","funder":[{"name":"Research Ireland","award":["13\/RC\/2106_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/RC\/2106_P2"]}]},{"name":"Research Ireland ADAPT Research Centre at University College Dublin and the Research Ireland Employment\u2013based PhD scholarship","award":["R17830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R17830"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent work has looked to understand user perceptions of speech agent capabilities as dialogue partners (termed partner models), and how this affects user interaction. Yet, partner model effects are currently inferred from language production as no metrics are available to quantify these subjective perceptions more directly. Through three phases of work, we develop and validate the Partner Modelling Questionnaire (PMQ): an 18-item self-report semantic differential scale designed to reliably measure people\u2019s partner models of non-embodied speech interfaces. Through confirmatory factor analysis, we confirm that the PMQ scale consists of three factors: communicative competence and dependability, human-likeness in communication and communicative flexibility. Our studies show that the measure consistently demonstrates good internal reliability, strong test-retest reliability over 4- and 12-week intervals, and predictable convergent\/divergent validity. Based on our findings, we discuss the multidimensional nature of partner models, while identifying key future research avenues that the development of the PMQ facilitates. Notably, this includes the need to identify the activation, sensitivity, and dynamism of partner models in speech interface interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3729170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T12:09:56Z","timestamp":1744891796000},"page":"1-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Partner Modelling Questionnaire: A Validated Self-Report Measure of Perceptions toward Machines as Dialogue Partners"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2686-8962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip R.","family":"Doyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Studies, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5333-9794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iona","family":"Gessinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Studies, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1487-9207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9237-1057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leigh","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Foundry, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3857-5099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Odile","family":"Dumbleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Studies, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6034-2761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Garaialde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1545-5377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Rough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1883-085X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Bleakley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Studies, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7845-8850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly P.","family":"Branigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8595-8132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin R.","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Studies, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3469595.3469625"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"The Evolution of a Theory of Mind. The Descent of Mind: Psychological Perspectives on Hominid Evolution","author":"Baron-Cohen Simon","year":"1999","unstructured":"Simon Baron-Cohen. 1999. The Evolution of a Theory of Mind. The Descent of Mind: Psychological Perspectives on Hominid Evolution. Oxford University Press, New York, NY."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025879411971","article-title":"The friendship questionnaire: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences","volume":"33","author":"Baron-Cohen Simon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Simon Baron-Cohen and Sally Wheelwright. 2003. The friendship questionnaire: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 33, 5 (2003), 509\u2013517.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-89738-3_24-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-008-0001-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S004740450001037X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"1 ), 1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","volume":"4","author":"Beneteau Erin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Erin Beneteau, Yini Guan, Olivia K. Richards, Mingrui Ray Zhang, Julie A. Kientz, Jason Yip, and Alexis Hiniker. 2020. Assumptions checked: How families learn about and use the echo dot. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 4, 1 (2020), 1\u201323."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300473"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","volume":"2","author":"Bentley Frank","year":"2018","unstructured":"Frank Bentley, Chris Luvogt, Max Silverman, Rushani Wirasinghe, Brooke White, and Danielle Lottridge. 2018. Understanding the long-term use of smart speaker assistants. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 2, 3 (2018), 1\u201324."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fict.2015.00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01638537709544986"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2009.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2011.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.22.6.1482"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"301","volume-title":"Psychology of Learning and Motivation","author":"Brennan Susan E.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Susan E. Brennan, Alexia Galati, and Anna K. Kuhlen. 2010. Two minds, one dialog. In Psychology of Learning and Motivation. Vol. 53. Elsevier, 301\u2013344."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/259963.260492"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","volume-title":"Usability Evaluation in Industry","author":"Brooke John","year":"1996","unstructured":"John Brooke. 1996. SUS: A \u2018Quick and Dirty\u2019 usability scale. In Usability Evaluation in Industry (1st ed.). CRC Press, 6.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","volume-title":"Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research","author":"Brown Timothy A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Timothy A. Brown. 2015. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Conversational User Interfaces","author":"Br\u00fcggemeier Birgit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Birgit Br\u00fcggemeier, Michael Breiter, Miriam Kurz, and Johanna Schiwy. 2020. User Experience of Alexa when controlling music: Comparison of face and construct validity of four questionnaires. In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Conversational User Interfaces. ACM, 1\u20139."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2012.750830"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00413"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwt019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3322276.3322332"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511620539"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwz016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.3.309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","volume-title":"Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit","author":"Coughlan Joseph","year":"2008","unstructured":"Joseph Coughlan, Daire Hooper, and Michael Mullen. 2008. Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit. Dublin Institute of Technology."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2015-75","volume-title":"Interspeech 2015","author":"Cowan Benjamin R.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Benjamin R. Cowan and Holly P. Branigan. 2015. Does voice anthropomorphism affect lexical alignment in speech-based human-computer dialogue? In Interspeech 2015. ISCA, 155\u2013159."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2015.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3342775","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Conversational User Interfaces (CUI \u201919)","author":"Cowan Benjamin R.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benjamin R. Cowan, Philip Doyle, Justin Edwards, Diego Garaialde, Ali Hayes-Brady, Holly P. Branigan, Jo\u00e3o Cabral, and Leigh Clark. 2019. What\u2019s in an accent? The impact of accented synthetic speech on lexical choice in human-machine dialogue. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Conversational User Interfaces (CUI \u201919). ACM Press, 1\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3098279.3098539"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0903_2","article-title":"The impact of categorization with confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"9","author":"DiStefano Christine","year":"2002","unstructured":"Christine DiStefano. 2002. The impact of categorization with confirmatory factor analysis. Structural Equation Modeling 9, 3 (2002), 327\u2013346.","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","volume-title":"The Dimensions and Adaptation of Partner Models in Human-Machine Dialogue","author":"Philip Doyle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Philip Doyle. 2022. The Dimensions and Adaptation of Partner Models in Human-Machine Dialogue. Ph.\u2009D. Dissertation. University College Dublin. School of Information and Communication Studies."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3338286.3340116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-016-9479-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","volume-title":"Discovering Statistics Using R","author":"Field Andy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Andy Field, Jeremy Miles, and Zo\u00eb Field. 2012. Discovering Statistics Using R. Sage Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","volume-title":"A Manual for Repertory Grid Technique","author":"Fransella Fay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fay Fransella, Richard Bell, and Don Bannister. 2004. A Manual for Repertory Grid Technique. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2024.103400"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2007.00295.x","article-title":"When a talking-face computer agent is half-human and half-humanoid","volume":"33","author":"Gong Li","year":"2007","unstructured":"Li Gong and Clifford Nass. 2007. When a talking-face computer agent is half-human and half-humanoid. Human Communication Research 33, 2 (2007), 163\u2013193.","journal-title":"Human Communication Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324900002497","article-title":"Towards a tool for the subjective assessment of speech system interfaces (SASSI)","volume":"6","author":"Hone Kate S.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kate S. Hone and Robert Graham. 2000. Towards a tool for the subjective assessment of speech system interfaces (SASSI). Natural Language Engineering 6, 3\u20134 (2000), 287\u2013303.","journal-title":"Natural Language Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","first-page":"26","article-title":"References in conversation between experts and novices","volume":"116","author":"Isaacs Ellen A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ellen A. Isaacs and Herbert H. Clark. 1987. References in conversation between experts and novices. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition 116, 1 (1987), 26\u201337.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2023.100027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","volume-title":"The Easy Guide to Repertory Grids","author":"Jankowicz Devi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Devi Jankowicz. 2004. The Easy Guide to Repertory Grids. Wiley, Chichester, West Sussex, England; Hoboken, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0401_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","first-page":"43","article-title":"Mental models and human reasoning","volume":"107","author":"Johnson-Laird Philip N.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Philip N. Johnson-Laird. 2010. Mental models and human reasoning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, 43 (2010), 18243\u201318250.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291575"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","first-page":"29","article-title":"A brief introduction to personal construct theory","volume":"1","author":"Kelly George A.","year":"1970","unstructured":"George A. Kelly. 1970. A brief introduction to personal construct theory. Perspectives in Personal Construct Theory 1 (1970), 29.","journal-title":"Perspectives in Personal Construct Theory"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","volume-title":"A Psychometrics Primer","author":"Kline Paul","year":"2000","unstructured":"Paul Kline. 2000. A Psychometrics Primer. Free Association."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315812274","volume-title":"Handbook of Psychological Testing","author":"Kline Paul","year":"2013","unstructured":"Paul Kline. 2013. Handbook of Psychological Testing (2nd ed.). Routledge.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling","author":"Kline Rex B.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rex B. Kline. 2005. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwz015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3472307.3484686"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1145\/3342197.3344545","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","author":"Large David R.","year":"2019","unstructured":"David R. Large, Kyle Harrington, Gary Burnett, Jacob Luton, Peter Thomas, and Pete Bennett. 2019. To please in a pod: Employing an anthropomorphic agent-interlocutor to enhance trust and user experience in an autonomous, self-driving vehicle. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications. ACM, 49\u201359."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1145\/3311927.3323150","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children","author":"Lovato Silvia B.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Silvia B. Lovato, Anne Marie Piper, and Ellen A. Wartella. 2019. Hey Google, do unicorns exist?: Conversational agents as a path to answers to children\u2019s questions. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children. ACM, 301\u2013313."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","first-page":"5286","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201916)","author":"Luger Ewa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ewa Luger and Abigail Sellen .2016. \u201cLike Having a Really Bad PA\u201d: The gulf between user expectation and experience of conversational agents. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201916). ACM Press, 5286\u20135297."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.4.1.84"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2013.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.cmcl-1.7","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics","author":"Misiek Thomas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thomas Misiek, Benoit Favre, and Abdellah Fourtassi. 2020. Development of multi-level linguistic alignment in child-adult conversations. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics. Association for Computational Linguistics, 54\u201358."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"International Workshop on Vocal Interactivity in-and-between Humans, Animals and Robots","author":"Moore Roger K.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roger K. Moore. 2017. Appropriate voices for artefacts: Some key insights. In International Workshop on Vocal Interactivity in-and-between Humans, Animals and Robots, 1\u20135."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.7.3.171"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00153"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/259963.260288"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.125.6.737"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"Some observations on mental models","author":"Norman Donald A.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Donald A. Norman. 1983. Some observations on mental models. In Mental Models. Dedre Gentner and Albert L. Stevens (Eds.). Psychology Press, New York, NY, 7\u201314. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.4324\/9781315802725-2\/observations-mental-models-donald-norman","journal-title":"Mental Models"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093189"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002383099804100409"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00005-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124948","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Pearson Jamie","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jamie Pearson, Jiang Hu, Holly P. Branigan, Martin J. Pickering, and Clifford I. Nass. 2006. Adaptive language behavior in HCI: How expectations and beliefs about a system affect users\u2019 word choice. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1177\u20131180."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979055","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Pfeifer Laura M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Laura M. Pfeifer and Timothy Bickmore. 2011. Is the media equation a flash in the pan?: The durability and longevity of social responses to computers. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 777\u2013780."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174214"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029315"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-013-0196-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","first-page":"308","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section","author":"Satorra A.","year":"1988","unstructured":"A. Satorra and P. Bentler. 1988. Scaling corrections for chi-square statistics in covariance structure analysis. In Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section, 308\u2013313."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3386867","article-title":"Voice in human\u2013agent interaction: A survey","volume":"54","author":"Seaborn Katie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Katie Seaborn, Norihisa P. Miyake, Peter Pennefather, and Mihoko Otake-Matsuura. 2021. Voice in human\u2013agent interaction: A survey. ACM Computing Surveys 54, 4 (2021), 1\u201343.","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Seaborn Katie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Katie Seaborn and Jacqueline Urakami. 2021. Measuring voice UX quantitatively: A rapid review. In Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 1\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","unstructured":"Jeffrey Steedle. 2018. Detecting Inattentive Responding on a Psychosocial Measure of College Readiness. Research Report 2018-5. ACT Inc."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14313\/JAMRIS\/2-2022\/13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","first-page":"195","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th ISCA Workshop on Speech Synthesis","author":"Watson Catherine","year":"2013","unstructured":"Catherine Watson, Wei Liu, and Bruce MacDonald. 2013. The effect of age and native speaker status on synthetic speech intelligibility. In Proceedings of the 8th ISCA Workshop on Speech Synthesis. ISCA, Grenoble, France, 195\u2013200."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691610369336"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/roman.2015.7333568"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551506068134"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412983655"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1109\/COASE.2008.4626532","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering","author":"Zhang Tao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tao Zhang, Biwen Zhu, Lashanda Lee, and David Kaber. 2008. Service robot anthropomorphism and interface design for emotion in human-robot interaction. In Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering. IEEE, 674\u2013679."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3729170","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T18:02:40Z","timestamp":1755540160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3729170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3729170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3729170","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-0516","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}