{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T14:29:05Z","timestamp":1754144945119,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"PLDI","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Program. Lang."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Data races are a prevalent class of concurrency bugs in shared-memory parallel programs, posing significant challenges to software reliability and reproducibility. While there is an extensive body of research on detecting data races and a wealth of practical detection tools across various programming languages, considerably less effort has been directed toward automatically fixing data races at an industrial scale. In large codebases, data races are continuously introduced and exhibit myriad patterns, making automated fixing particularly challenging.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>In this paper, we tackle the problem of automatically fixing data races at an industrial scale. We present Dr.Fix, a tool that combines large language models (LLMs) with program analysis to generate fixes for data races in real-world settings, effectively addressing a broad spectrum of racy patterns in complex code contexts. Implemented for Go\u2014the programming language widely used in modern microservice architectures where concurrency is pervasive and data races are common\u2014Dr.Fix seamlessly integrates into existing development workflows. We detail the design of Dr.Fix and examine how individual design choices influence the quality of the fixes produced. Over the past 18 months, Dr.Fix has been integrated into developer workflows at Uber demonstrating its practical utility. During this period, Dr.Fix produced patches for 224 (55%) from a corpus of 404 data races spanning various categories; 193 of these patches (86%) were accepted by more than a hundred developers via code reviews and integrated into the codebase.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3729265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T16:02:27Z","timestamp":1749830547000},"page":"475-502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["DR.FIX: Automatically Fixing Data Races at Industry Scale"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6099-7432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farnaz","family":"Behrang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Uber Technologies, Sunnyvale, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5517-6308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhizhou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uber Technologies, Sunnyvale, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1714-3866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgian-Vlad","family":"Saioc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7814-9372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uber Technologies, New York City, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1021-7644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milind","family":"Chabbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uber Technologies, Sunnyvale, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. ChromaDB. https:\/\/www.trychroma.com\/ (Accessed on 11\/10\/2024)"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. Hello GPT-4o | OpenAI. https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/hello-gpt-4o\/ (Accessed on 11\/10\/2024)"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. Introducing OpenAI o1 | OpenAI. https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/introducing-openai-o1-preview\/ (Accessed on 11\/10\/2024)"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. New models and developer products announced at DevDay | OpenAI. https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/new-models-and-developer-products-announced-at-devday\/ (Accessed on 11\/10\/2024)"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","volume-title":"Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, and Shyamal Anadkat.","author":"Achiam Josh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Josh Achiam, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, and Shyamal Anadkat. 2023. GPT-4 technical report. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.08774."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simone Atzeni Ganesh Gopalakrishnan Zvonimir Rakamaric Dong H Ahn Ignacio Laguna Martin Schulz Gregory L Lee Joachim Protze and Matthias S M\u00fcller. 2016. ARCHER: effectively spotting data races in large OpenMP applications. In 2016 IEEE international parallel and distributed processing symposium (IPDPS). 53\u201362.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS.2016.68"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","volume-title":"Program slicing. Advances in computers, 43","author":"Binkley David W","year":"1996","unstructured":"David W Binkley and Keith Brian Gallagher. 1996. Program slicing. Advances in computers, 43 (1996), 1\u201350."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858965.2814292"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3276514"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1379022.1375591"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"Repairagent: An autonomous, LLM-based agent for program repair. arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.17134.","author":"Bouzenia Islem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Islem Bouzenia, Premkumar Devanbu, and Michael Pradel. 2024. Repairagent: An autonomous, LLM-based agent for program repair. arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.17134."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Linux Symposium. 119\u2013130","author":"Boyd-Wickizer Silas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Silas Boyd-Wickizer, M Frans Kaashoek, Robert Morris, and Nickolai Zeldovich. 2012. Non-scalable locks are dangerous. In Proceedings of the Linux Symposium. 119\u2013130."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","unstructured":"Tom B Brown. 2020. Language models are few-shot learners. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.14165."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Klee: unassisted and automatic generation of high-coverage tests for complex systems programs","volume":"8","author":"Cadar Cristian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cristian Cadar, Daniel Dunbar, and Dawson R Engler. 2008. Klee: unassisted and automatic generation of high-coverage tests for complex systems programs.. In OSDI. 8, 209\u2013224.","journal-title":"OSDI."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2093157.2093165"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3519939.3523720"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1103845.1094852"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-52709-3_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SC.2012.40"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/277651.277696"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3546942"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","unstructured":"David Chase and Russ Cox. 2023. Fixing For Loops in Go 1.22. https:\/\/go.dev\/blog\/loopvar-preview (Accessed on 11\/07\/2024)"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","unstructured":"Go developers. 2022. The Go Memory Model. https:\/\/go.dev\/ref\/mem (Accessed on 11\/06\/2024)"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1508244.1508263"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","unstructured":"Abhimanyu Dubey Abhinav Jauhri Abhinav Pandey Abhishek Kadian Ahmad Al-Dahle Aiesha Letman Akhil Mathur Alan Schelten Amy Yang and Angela Fan. 2024. The llama 3 herd of models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.21783."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"Effective, static detection of race conditions and deadlocks. ACM SIGOPS operating systems review, 37, 5","author":"Engler Dawson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dawson Engler and Ken Ashcraft. 2003. RacerX: Effective, static detection of race conditions and deadlocks. ACM SIGOPS operating systems review, 37, 5 (2003), 237\u2013252."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/258492.258493"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1543135.1542490"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/277652.277725"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","volume-title":"DRBC and EL 2011, Held as Part of the Future Generation Information Technology Conference, FGIT 2011, in Conjunction with GDC 2011, Jeju Island, Korea, December 8-10, 2011. Proceedings. 424\u2013436","author":"Ha Ok-Kyoon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ok-Kyoon Ha and Yong-Kee Jun. 2011. Efficient thread labeling for on-the-fly race detection of programs with nested parallelism. In Software Engineering, Business Continuity, and Education: International Conferences ASEA, DRBC and EL 2011, Held as Part of the Future Generation Information Technology Conference, FGIT 2011, in Conjunction with GDC 2011, Jeju Island, Korea, December 8-10, 2011. Proceedings. 424\u2013436."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2338967.2336808"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/165123.165164"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2594291.2594315"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","unstructured":"Imperva. 2024. Race Condition. https:\/\/www.imperva.com\/learn\/application-security\/race-condition (Accessed on 11\/06\/2024)"},{"volume-title":"Intel Transactional Synchronization Extension (Intel TSX) Disable Update for Selected Processors","author":"Intel Corporation","key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","unstructured":"Intel Corporation. 2023. Intel Transactional Synchronization Extension (Intel TSX) Disable Update for Selected Processors. Intel Corporation. https:\/\/cdrdv2.intel.com\/v1\/dl\/getContent\/643557"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","volume-title":"Workshop on ML for Systems at NeurIPS.","author":"Jin Feiyang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feiyang Jin, Zhizhou Zhang, Rajkishore Barik, Gautam Korlam, and Milind Chabbi. 2023. Early notice: GenAI-based Datarace Fix for Real-World Golang Programs. Workshop on ML for Systems at NeurIPS."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1993498.1993544"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","volume-title":"Automated Concurrency-Bug Fixing. In 10th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 12)","author":"Jin Guoliang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guoliang Jin, Wei Zhang, and Dongdong Deng. 2012. Automated Concurrency-Bug Fixing. In 10th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 12). 221\u2013236."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3611643.3613892"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-73368-3_26"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2517349.2522736"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","volume-title":"Stefan K\u00fcchemann, Maria Bannert, Daryna Dementieva, Frank Fischer, Urs Gasser, Georg Groh, Stephan G\u00fcnnemann, and Eyke H\u00fcllermeier.","author":"Kasneci Enkelejda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Enkelejda Kasneci, Kathrin Se\u00df ler, Stefan K\u00fcchemann, Maria Bannert, Daryna Dementieva, Frank Fischer, Urs Gasser, Georg Groh, Stephan G\u00fcnnemann, and Eyke H\u00fcllermeier. 2023. ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education. Learning and individual differences, 103 (2023), 102274."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","volume-title":"MUSEPAT 2013, St. Petersburg, Russia, August 19-20, 2013. Proceedings. 73\u201384","author":"Kelk David","year":"2013","unstructured":"David Kelk, Kevin Jalbert, and Jeremy S Bradbury. 2013. Automatically repairing concurrency bugs with ARC. In Multicore Software Engineering, Performance, and Tools: International Conference, MUSEPAT 2013, St. Petersburg, Russia, August 19-20, 2013. Proceedings. 73\u201384."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2771783.2771798"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3236024.3236025"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3399742"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1273647.1273658"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","unstructured":"Rucha Kulkarni Umang Mathur and Andreas Pavlogiannis. 2021. Dynamic data-race detection through the fine-grained lens. arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.03569."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","volume-title":"Genprog: A generic method for automatic software repair. Ieee transactions on software engineering, 38, 1","author":"Goues Claire Le","year":"2011","unstructured":"Claire Le Goues, ThanhVu Nguyen, Stephanie Forrest, and Westley Weimer. 2011. Genprog: A generic method for automatic software repair. Ieee transactions on software engineering, 38, 1 (2011), 54\u201372."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3318162"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","volume-title":"Tim Rockt\u00c3\u20acschel, Sebastian Riedel, and Douwe Kiela.","author":"Lewis Patrick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patrick Lewis, Ethan Perez, Aleksandra Piktus, Fabio Petroni, Vladimir Karpukhin, Naman Goyal, Heinrich K\u00c3\u0152ttler, Mike Lewis, Wen tau Yih, Tim Rockt\u00c3\u20acschel, Sebastian Riedel, and Douwe Kiela. 2021. Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks. arxiv:2005.11401. arxiv:2005.11401"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3341301.3359638"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3238147.3238198"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3357033"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2950290.2950309"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00638"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2635868.2635881"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2012.6227184"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3445814.3446756"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3445814.3446756"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2398857.2384626"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2837614.2837617"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3692070.3693402"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1346281.1346323"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1168857.1168864"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1047659.1040336"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1542476.1542491"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3276515"},{"volume-title":"Memory barriers: a hardware view for software hackers","author":"McKenney Paul E","key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","unstructured":"Paul E McKenney. 2010. Memory barriers: a hardware view for software hackers. Linux Technology Center, IBM Beaverton."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/125826.125861"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1133981.1134018"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2013.6606623"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2013.6606602"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/781498.781528"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_75_1","unstructured":"OpenMp Org. 2021. https:\/\/www.openmp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/OpenMP-API-Specification-5-2.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oded Ovadia Menachem Brief Moshik Mishaeli and Oren Elisha. 2023. Fine-tuning or retrieval? comparing knowledge injection in llms. arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.05934.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1508244.1508249"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/781498.781529"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1889997.1890000"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_80_1","unstructured":"Alec Radford. 2018. Improving language understanding by generative pre-training."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_81_1","volume-title":"Language models are unsupervised multitask learners. OpenAI blog, 1, 8","author":"Radford Alec","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, and Ilya Sutskever. 2019. Language models are unsupervised multitask learners. OpenAI blog, 1, 8 (2019), 9."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_82_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer","volume":"21","author":"Raffel Colin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J Liu. 2020. Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer. Journal of machine learning research, 21, 140 (2020), 1\u201367.","journal-title":"Journal of machine learning research"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO.2001.991127"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10703-012-0143-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2345156.2254127"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1410"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3192366.3192385"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_88_1","volume-title":"Yossi Adi, Jingyu Liu, Romain Sauvestre, and Tal Remez.","author":"Roziere Baptiste","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baptiste Roziere, Jonas Gehring, Fabian Gloeckle, Sten Sootla, Itai Gat, Xiaoqing Ellen Tan, Yossi Adi, Jingyu Liu, Romain Sauvestre, and Tal Remez. 2023. Code llama: Open foundation models for code. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.12950."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3676641.3715990"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_90_1","volume-title":"Unveiling and Vanquishing Goroutine Leaks in Enterprise Microservices: A Dynamic Analysis Approach. In 2024 IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization (CGO). 411\u2013422","author":"Saioc Georgian-Vlad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Georgian-Vlad Saioc, Dmitriy Shirchenko, and Milind Chabbi. 2024. Unveiling and Vanquishing Goroutine Leaks in Enterprise Microservices: A Dynamic Analysis Approach. In 2024 IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization (CGO). 411\u2013422."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2813885.2737998"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/265924.265927"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1375581.1375584"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1791194.1791203"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597503.3639099"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2103621.2103702"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2666356.2594335"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1693453.1693489"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3297858.3304069"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_100_1","unstructured":"Ashish Vaswani Noam Shazeer Niki Parmar Jakob Uszkoreit Llion Jones Aidan N. Gomez Lukasz Kaiser and Illia Polosukhin. 2023. Attention Is All You Need. arxiv:1706.03762. arxiv:1706.03762"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1287624.1287654"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1480881.1480913"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_103_1","unstructured":"Jason Wei Yi Tay Rishi Bommasani Colin Raffel Barret Zoph Sebastian Borgeaud Dani Yogatama Maarten Bosma Denny Zhou and Donald Metzler. 2022. Emergent abilities of large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.07682."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_104_1","volume-title":"Chi, Quoc V Le, and Denny Zhou","author":"Wei Jason","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, and Denny Zhou. 2022. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models. Advances in neural information processing systems, 35 (2022), 24824\u201324837."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3611643.3616271"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2009.5070536"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1984.5010248"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE48619.2023.00129"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3650212.3680323"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1050849.1050865"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_111_1","volume-title":"Tree of thoughts: Deliberate problem solving with large language models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36","author":"Yao Shunyu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shunyu Yao, Dian Yu, Jeffrey Zhao, Izhak Shafran, Tom Griffiths, Yuan Cao, and Karthik Narasimhan. 2024. Tree of thoughts: Deliberate problem solving with large language models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2503210.2503232"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1095810.1095832"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_114_1","volume-title":"Optimistic Concurrency Control for Real-world Go Programs. In 2021 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 21)","author":"Zhang Zhizhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhizhou Zhang, Milind Chabbi, Adam Welc, and Timothy Sherwood. 2021. Optimistic Concurrency Control for Real-world Go Programs. In 2021 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 21). USENIX Association, 939\u2013955. isbn:978-1-939133-23-6 https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/atc21\/presentation\/zhang-zhizhou"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3729265","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T06:03:17Z","timestamp":1752645797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3729265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"PLDI","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3729265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3729265","relation":{},"ISSN":["2475-1421"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2475-1421"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}