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According to the use of constant and different MRs for the key and non-key frames sampling, severe and undesirable fluctuations in quality of reconstructed video frames is a common unresolved shortcoming in the DCVS, which negatively affects the users\u2019 visual experience. To suppress sharp and undesirable quality fluctuations, group of picture (GOP)-level non-uniform MR allocation models are proposed in this article for the key and non-key frames at the encoder of the DCVS. This enhances visual quality without incurring noticeable computational cost to the encoder. A new multi-step reconstruction scheme is also proposed at the decoder exploiting spatial-temporal information in the reconstruction process with a tolerable computational complexity and remarkable reconstruction performance. It compensates for quality degradations, which may be caused by non-uniform MR allocation, to successive GOPs to reach high average quality and temporal smoothness of quality at the same time. Extensive experiments on different video sequences show that not only desirable high average reconstruction quality is maintained, but severe and undesirable quality fluctuations are also well suppressed. Hence, the users\u2019 perceived quality is highly promoted, while the compression ratio does not exceed a certain target by restricting average MR to reach the target MR in the long term.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3729270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T16:00:21Z","timestamp":1744300821000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["On Temporal Smoothness of Video Reconstruction Quality in the DCVS via Non-Uniform Sampling"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9618-710X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davoud","family":"Fani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9603-5117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliasghar","family":"Beheshti-Shirazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5482-8378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ghanbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran and School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6311-2813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esmatollah","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2012.2221191"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2003.815165"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"93","author":"Girod Bernd","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bernd Girod, Anne Margot Aaron, Shantanu Rane, and David Rebollo-Monedero. 2005. 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