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Based on the virtual circuit as our IR, we propose the QVM compiler\u2014an extensible compiler infrastructure to transpile a virtual circuit through a series of modular optimization passes to produce a set of optimized circuit fragments. Lastly, these transpiled circuit fragments are executed on QPUs using our QVM runtime\u2014a scalable and parallel infrastructure to virtualize and execute circuit fragments on a set of QPUs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We evaluate QVM on IBM\u2019s 7- and 27-qubit QPUs. Our evaluation shows that our approach allows for the execution of circuits with up to double the number of qubits compared to the qubit-count of a QPU, while improving fidelity by\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mn>4.7<\/mml:mn>\n                          <mml:mo>\u00d7<\/mml:mo>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    on average compared to larger QPUs and that we can effectively reduce circuit depths to only\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mn>40<\/mml:mn>\n                          <mml:mtext>%<\/mml:mtext>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    of the original circuit depths.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3729290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T16:02:27Z","timestamp":1749830547000},"page":"993-1018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["QVM: Quantum Gate Virtualization Machine"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2095-2242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Tornow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Munich, Germany"},{"name":"LRZ, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3638-2969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Giortamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3220-5735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pramod","family":"Bhatotia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"[n.d.]. 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