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ACM Softw. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A significant number of bug reports are generated every day as software systems continue to develop. Large Language Models (LLMs) have been used to correlate bug reports with source code to locate bugs automatically. The existing research has shown that LLMs are effective for bug localization and can increase software development efficiency. However, these studies still have two limitations. First, these models fail to capture context information about bug reports and source code. Second, these models are unable to understand the domain-specific expertise inherent to particular projects, such as version information in projects that are composed of alphanumeric characters without any semantic meaning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    To address these challenges, we propose a\n                    <jats:bold>K<\/jats:bold>\n                    nowledge\n                    <jats:bold>E<\/jats:bold>\n                    nhanced\n                    <jats:bold>P<\/jats:bold>\n                    re-\n                    <jats:bold>T<\/jats:bold>\n                    rained model using project documents and historical code, called\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:sc>Kept,<\/jats:sc>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    for bug localization. Project documents record, revise, and restate project information that provides rich semantic information about those projects. Historical code contains rich code semantic information that can enhance the reasoning ability of LLMs. Specifically, we construct knowledge graphs from project documents and source code. Then, we introduce knowledge graphs to the LLM through soft-position embedding and visible matrices, enhancing its contextual and professional reasoning ability. To validate our model, we conducted a series of experiments on seven open-source software projects with over 6,000 bug reports. Compared with the traditional model (i.e., Locus),\n                    <jats:sc>Kept<\/jats:sc>\n                    performs better by 33.2% to 59.5% in terms of mean reciprocal rank, mean average precision, and Top@N. Compared with the best-performing non-commercial LLM (i.e., CodeT5),\n                    <jats:sc>Kept<\/jats:sc>\n                    achieves an improvement of 36.6% to 63.7%. Compared to the state-of-the-art commercial LLM developed by OpenAI, called\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">text-embedding-ada-002,<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sc>Kept<\/jats:sc>\n                    achieves an average improvement of 7.8% to 17.4%. The results indicate that introducing knowledge graphs contributes to enhance the effectiveness of the LLM in bug localization.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3729356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T11:15:34Z","timestamp":1750331734000},"page":"1914-1936","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Knowledge Enhanced Large Language Model for Bug Localization"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1856-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0146-5411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bohan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6001-1372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8029-4607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4367-7201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0406-2263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lanxin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9070-7269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9159-5331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"He","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE48619.2023.00059"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10419-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597926.3598148"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3510003.3510042"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3611643.3616338"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.139"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Gashteovski R Gemulla L Del Corro. 2017. 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