{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T04:08:50Z","timestamp":1750392530930,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"FSE","funder":[{"name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec \u2013 Nature et technologies","award":["B2X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2X"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Softw. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Contributors to open source software must deeply understand a project\u2019s history to make coherent decisions which do not conflict with past reasoning. However, inspecting all related changes to a proposed contribution requires intensive manual effort, and previous research has not yet produced an automated mechanism to expose and analyze these conflicts. In this article, we propose such an automated approach for rationale analyses, based on an instantiation of Kantara, an existing high-level rationale extraction and management architecture. Our implementation leverages pre-trained models and Large Language Models, and includes structure-based mechanisms to detect reasoning conflicts and problems which could cause design erosion in a project over time. We show the feasibility of our extraction and analysis approach using the OOM-Killer module of the Linux Kernel project, and investigate the approach\u2019s generalization to five other highly active open source projects. The results confirm that our automated approach can support rationale analyses with  \nreasonable performance, by finding interesting relationships and to detect potential conflicts and reasoning problems. We also show the effectiveness of the automated extraction of decision and rationale sentences and the prospects for generalizing this to other open source projects. This automated approach could therefore be used by open source software developers to proactively address hidden issues and to ensure that new changes do not conflict with past decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3729383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T15:15:34Z","timestamp":1750346134000},"page":"2548-2570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Automated Extraction and Analysis of Developer's Rationale in Open Source Software"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9336-7714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mouna","family":"Dhaouadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DIRO, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7558-1434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bentley","family":"Oakes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3545-0274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michalis","family":"Famelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2022.111320"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSR.2017.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65831-5_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-77583-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-NIER58687.2023.00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1810.04805"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3551349.3559547"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MODELS-C59198.2023.00101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3643916.3644413"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"CoMRAT: Commit Message Rationale Analysis Tool. In 2025 IEEE\/ACM 22nd International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR).","author":"Dhaouadi Mouna","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mouna Dhaouadi, Bentley Oakes, and Michalis Famelis. 2025. CoMRAT: Commit Message Rationale Analysis Tool. In 2025 IEEE\/ACM 22nd International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Mouna Dhaouadi Bentley Oakes and Michalis Famelis. 2025. Replication package. https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/13742395"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597503.3639219"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MODELS-C59198.2023.00051"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479497"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0031619"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1803.07640"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alex Graves. 2012. Long short-term memory. Supervised sequence labelling with recurrent neural networks 37\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-24797-2_4 10.1007\/978-3-642-24797-2_4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24797-2_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5254.708428"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE56229.2023.00181"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Continuous Rationale Management. Ph. D. Dissertation","author":"Kleebaum Anja","unstructured":"Anja Kleebaum. 2023. Continuous Rationale Management. Ph. D. Dissertation. Heidelberg University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11921998_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00453"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1909.11942"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.682658"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05363-5_30"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE48619.2023.00076"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE48619.2023.00047"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2011.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1907.11692"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scico.2010.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Manoj Mahabaleshwar. 2020. Tool support for architectural decision making in large software intensive projects. Ph. D. Dissertation. Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Improving classification results using class imbalance solutions & evaluating the generalizability of rationale extraction techniques. Master\u2019s thesis","author":"Mathur Tanmay","unstructured":"Tanmay Mathur. 2015. Improving classification results using class imbalance solutions & evaluating the generalizability of rationale extraction techniques. Master\u2019s thesis. Miami University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE48619.2023.00073"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"2024. Papers With Code. https:\/\/paperswithcode.com\/sota\/natural-language-inference-on-multinli"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2024. ChatGPT. https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/chat [Large language model]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2200\/S00239ED1V01Y200912HLT006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-022-10136-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1908.10084"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2950290.2983983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSME.2017.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14956-1_26"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2015.76"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3639476.3639764"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"V Sanh. 2019. DistilBERT A Distilled Version of BERT: Smaller Faster Cheaper and Lighter. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.01108 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1910.01108 10.48550\/arXiv.1910.01108","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1910.01108"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE43902.2021.00095"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1904.05255"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11919\/j.issn.1002-0829.215044"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gabriel Stanovsky Julian Michael Luke Zettlemoyer and I. Dagan. 2018. Supervised Open Information Extraction. In NAACL-HLT. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/N18-1081 10.18653\/v1\/N18-1081","DOI":"10.18653\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597503.3639157"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359210"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-022-10219-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3510003.3510205"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE48619.2023.00038"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3643991.3644918"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-023-09054-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(01)00152-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3386252"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thomas Wolf Lysandre Debut Victor Sanh Julien Chaumond Clement Delangue Anthony Moi Pierric Cistac Tim Rault R\u00e9mi Louf and Morgan Funtowicz. 2019. Huggingface\u2019s transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.03771 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-demos.6 10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-demos.6","DOI":"10.18653\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13031539"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3729383","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T15:16:23Z","timestamp":1750346183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3729383"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"FSE","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3729383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3729383","relation":{},"ISSN":["2994-970X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2994-970X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]}}}