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This paper introduces HandID, an unobtrusive and gesture-independent user authentication method for smartphones that does not require large amounts of data from different gestures. Unlike existing methods, HandID does not require users to maintain specific gestures or interact with the touchscreen. It utilizes the built-in vibration motor to generate active vibrations and sense the user's hand through responses captured by the onboard accelerometer. HandID employs an adversarial learning model to handle gesture variations and proposes a novel hand biometric generation model to reduce the enrollment data required from users. Comprehensive experiments with 50 subjects show that HandID achieves an authentication accuracy of 92.5%, with a false acceptance rate (FAR) of 5.2% and a false rejection rate (FRR) of 5.6%. Security analyses demonstrate that HandID is resistant to zero-effort, s tatistical, a nd h ill-climbing a ttacks, a nd a u sability study indicates high user acceptance of HandID.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3729489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T21:21:56Z","timestamp":1750281716000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["HandID: Towards Unobtrusive Gesture-independent User Authentication on Smartphones Using Vibration-based Hand Biometrics"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0866-5379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuezhong","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuzhou University, College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1240-8412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of New South Wales, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4512-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun Tung","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of New South Wales, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0230-1432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiankun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of New South Wales, School of Systems and Computing, Canberra, ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4076-1811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of New South Wales, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sydney, NSW, Australia and CSIRO-Data61, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"How Do Users Really Hold Mobile Devices? https:\/\/www.uxmatters.com\/mt\/archives\/2013\/02\/how-do-users-really-hold-mobile-devices.php [Online","year":"2024","unstructured":"2013. 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