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Forty-five participants observed a drone approaching in an orthogonal or a curved path and either, delivering packages by landing or using a cable while hovering above eye level. We found that participants felt uncertain and unsafe, especially when looking up at drones approaching with orthogonal paths. Curved paths led to lower feelings of uncertainty, with comments such as being more natural, trustful, and safe. Feelings of uncertainty arose while landing on the ground due to altitude changes and potential collision concerns. Using a cable instead of actually landing for delivery reduced feelings of uncertainty and increased trust. The study recommends drones avoid hovering near humans, especially after landing. Furthermore, the study suggests exploring design solutions, including design aesthetics and human\u2013machine interfaces, that clearly convey drone intentions to help reduce feelings of uncertainty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3729538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T05:27:51Z","timestamp":1744694871000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Behavioral Effects of a Delivery Drone on Feelings of Uncertainty: A Virtual Reality Experiment"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9173-3642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiva Nischal","family":"Lingam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Netherlands Aerospace Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands and Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8961-2884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastiaan M.","family":"Petermeijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Netherlands Aerospace Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8601-1370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9565-8240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavlo","family":"Bazilinskyy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2751-9801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Ljungblad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden and Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1661-7019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marieke","family":"Martens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands and TNO, Helmond, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Alex Momon. 2014. 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