{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T15:51:31Z","timestamp":1763740291592,"version":"3.45.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":73,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["2322860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2322860"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3730567.3764453","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T15:22:38Z","timestamp":1763738558000},"page":"662-676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Decentralization Dilemma: Performance Trade-Offs in IPFS and Breakpoints"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8639-9778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruizhe","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6556-9162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuqi","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3942-5167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruizhi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7042-3322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1695-4864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4650-7125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songqing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2022. Discussion about provSearchDelay. https:\/\/github.com\/ipfs\/kubo\/issues\/8807. Accessed: 2024-04-01."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"2022. A measurement study towards the effectiveness of IPFS Bitswap. https:\/\/github.com\/probe-lab\/network-measurements\/blob\/master\/results\/rfm16-bitswap-discovery-effectiveness.md. Accessed: 2024-04-03."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"2025. Bitswap. https:\/\/docs.ipfs.tech\/concepts\/bitswap\/. Accessed: 2024-04-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"2025. BitTorrent. https:\/\/www.bittorrent.com\/. Accessed: 2025-05-14."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"2025. Merkle Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs). https:\/\/docs.ipfs.tech\/concepts\/merkle-dag\/. Accessed: 2024-03-05."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3456146.3456159"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2008.4544640"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1273445.1273449"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS54860.2022.00069"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3618257.3624797"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Ipfs-content addressed, versioned","author":"Benet Juan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Juan Benet. 2014. Ipfs-content addressed, versioned, p2p file system. arXiv preprint arXiv:1407.3561 (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proc. ACM Sigmetrics.","author":"Bharambe Ashwin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ashwin Bharambe, Cormac Herley, and Venkata N Padmanabhan. 2005. Understanding and deconstructing bittorrent performance. In Proc. ACM Sigmetrics."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2660267.2660379"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Vitalik Buterin et al. 2014. A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform. white paper 3 37 (2014) 2-1."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","first-page":"261","volume-title":"SpaCCS 2019, Atlanta, GA, USA, July 14-17, 2019, Proceedings 12","author":"Chen Xucan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xucan Chen, Mohammad Al Hasan, Xintao Wu, Pavel Skums, Mohammad Javad Feizollahi, Marie Ouellet, Eric L Sevigny, David Maimon, and Yubao Wu. 2019. Characteristics of bitcoin transactions on cryptomarkets. In Security, Privacy, and Anonymity in Computation, Communication, and Storage: 12th International Conference, SpaCCS 2019, Atlanta, GA, USA, July 14-17, 2019, Proceedings 12. Springer, 261-276."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2010.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3664476.3664482"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Annual Internet Report (2018-2023) White Paper. https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/solutions\/collateral\/executive-perspectives\/ annual-internet-report\/white-paper-c11-741490.html Accessed","author":"Systems Cisco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cisco Systems. 2023. Annual Internet Report (2018-2023) White Paper. https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/solutions\/collateral\/executive-perspectives\/ annual-internet-report\/white-paper-c11-741490.html Accessed: October 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-35260-7_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Markus Legner, Jean-Pierre Smith, Alberto Sonnino, and Karl W\u00fcst.","author":"Danezis George","year":"2025","unstructured":"George Danezis, Giacomo Giuliari, Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias, Markus Legner, Jean-Pierre Smith, Alberto Sonnino, and Karl W\u00fcst. 2025. Walrus: An Efficient Decentralized Storage Network. arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.05370 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN58197.2023.10223322"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/IFIPNetworking57963.2023.10186387"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Accelerating content routing with bitswap: A multi-path file transfer protocol in ipfs and filecoin","author":"la Rocha Alfonso De","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alfonso De la Rocha, David Dias, and Yiannis Psaras. 2021. Accelerating content routing with bitswap: A multi-path file transfer protocol in ipfs and filecoin. San Francisco, CA, USA (2021), 11."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Information propagation in the bitcoin network. In IEEE P2P 2013 Proceedings","author":"Decker Christian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Christian Decker and Roger Wattenhofer. 2013. Information propagation in the bitcoin network. In IEEE P2P 2013 Proceedings. IEEE, 1-10.","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44774-1_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Peer-to-Peer Systems: First International Workshop, IPTPS 2002","volume":"2429","author":"Druschel Peter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Peter Druschel, Frans Kaashoek, and Antony Rowstron. 2003. Peer-to-Peer Systems: First International Workshop, IPTPS 2002, Cambridge, MA, USA, March 7-8, 2002, Revised Papers. Vol. 2429. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Swarm: Decentralised Storage and Communication System. https:\/\/www.ethswarm.org\/. Accessed: 2025-08-30.","author":"Foundation Ethereum","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ethereum Foundation. 2025. Swarm: Decentralised Storage and Communication System. https:\/\/www.ethswarm.org\/. Accessed: 2025-08-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2008.2002553"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Deanonymization in the bitcoin P2P network. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30","author":"Fanti Giulia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giulia Fanti and Pramod Viswanath. 2017. Deanonymization in the bitcoin P2P network. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Fielding M Nottingham and J Reschke. 2022. RFC 9110: HTTP Semantics.","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC9110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"2021 IFIP\/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM). IEEE, 544-550","author":"Gebraselase Befekadu G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Befekadu G Gebraselase, Bjarne E Helvik, and Yuming Jiang. 2021. Transaction characteristics of bitcoin. In 2021 IFIP\/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM). IEEE, 544-550."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1251086.1251090"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2022.3217036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"2020 IFIP Networking Conference (Networking). IEEE, 289-297","author":"Henningsen Sebastian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sebastian Henningsen, Martin Florian, Sebastian Rust, and Bj\u00f6rn Scheuermann. 2020. Mapping the interplanetary filesystem. In 2020 IFIP Networking Conference (Networking). IEEE, 289-297."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/P2P.2010.5569978"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Enhancing IPFS Bitswap. In International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Intelligent Systems. Springer, 189-199","author":"Karapapas Christos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Christos Karapapas, George Xylomenos, and George C Polyzos. 2024. Enhancing IPFS Bitswap. In International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Intelligent Systems. Springer, 189-199."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3694809.3700746"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Filecoin: A Decentralized Storage Network. https:\/\/filecoin.io\/filecoin.pdf. Accessed: 2025-08-30.","author":"Labs Protocol","year":"2017","unstructured":"Protocol Labs. 2017. Filecoin: A Decentralized Storage Network. https:\/\/filecoin.io\/filecoin.pdf. Accessed: 2025-08-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2009.149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSAE.2012.6272971"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Analyzing the bitcoin network: The first four years. Future internet 8, 1","author":"Lischke Matthias","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matthias Lischke and Benjamin Fabian. 2016. Analyzing the bitcoin network: The first four years. Future internet 8, 1 (2016), 7."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2012.6214363"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","first-page":"4783","volume-title":"33rd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 24)","author":"Ma Xiaoyue","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiaoyue Ma, Lannan Luo, and Qiang Zeng. 2024. From one thousand pages of specification to unveiling hidden bugs: Large language model assisted fuzzing of matter {IoT} devices. In 33rd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 24). 4783-4800."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3581791.3596857"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517745.3561429"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Bitcoin whitepaper. URL: https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/bitcoin. pdf-(: 17.07. 2019)","author":"Nakamoto Satoshi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008. Bitcoin whitepaper. URL: https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/bitcoin. pdf-(: 17.07. 2019) (2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Naomi Alterman, Rob Fatland, Sarah Stone, Amanda Tan, et al.","author":"Norman Michael","year":"2021","unstructured":"Michael Norman, Vince Kellen, Shava Smallen, Brian DeMeulle, Shawn Strande, Ed Lazowska, Naomi Alterman, Rob Fatland, Sarah Stone, Amanda Tan, et al. 2021. Cloudbank: Managed services to simplify cloud access for computer science research and education. In Practice and Experience in Advanced Research Computing. 1-4."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11134-011-9209-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"OpenSea. 2025. OpenSea the Largest NFT Marketplace. https:\/\/opensea.io\/. Accessed: 2025-05-01."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2914098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Total Eclipse of the Heart - Disrupting the InterPlanetary File System. In USENIX Security Symposium.","author":"Pr\u00fcnster Bernd","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bernd Pr\u00fcnster, Alexander Marsalek, and Thomas Zefferer. 2022. Total Eclipse of the Heart - Disrupting the InterPlanetary File System. In USENIX Security Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN-S50200.2020.00043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2010.5502544"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Web3: A comprehensive review on background, technologies, applications, zero-trust architectures, challenges and future directions. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems","author":"Ray Partha Pratim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Partha Pratim Ray. 2023. Web3: A comprehensive review on background, technologies, applications, zero-trust architectures, challenges and future directions. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3326285.3329052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3696410.3714627"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3656015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2024.23153"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Storj: A Decentralized Cloud Storage Network Framework. https:\/\/github.com\/storj\/whitepaper. Accessed: 2025-08-30.","author":"Labs Storj","year":"2018","unstructured":"Storj Labs, Inc. 2018. Storj: A Decentralized Cloud Storage Network Framework. https:\/\/github.com\/storj\/whitepaper. Accessed: 2025-08-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"A payment-based incentive and service differentiation scheme for peer-to-peer streaming broadcast","author":"Tan Guang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guang Tan and Stephen A Jarvis. 2008. A payment-based incentive and service differentiation scheme for peer-to-peer streaming broadcast. IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems 19, 7 (2008), 940-953."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544216.3544232"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM52122.2024.10621404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Sia: Simple decentralized storage. Retrieved May 8","author":"Vorick David","year":"2014","unstructured":"David Vorick and Luke Champine. 2014. Sia: Simple decentralized storage. Retrieved May 8 (2014), 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Usage Statistics of HTTP for Websites. https:\/\/w3techs.com\/technologies\/details\/ce-http2 Accessed","year":"2025","unstructured":"W3Techs. 2025. Usage Statistics of HTTP for Websites. https:\/\/w3techs.com\/technologies\/details\/ce-http2 Accessed: September 16, 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measuring large-scale distributed systems: case of bittorrent mainline dht. In IEEE P2P 2013 Proceedings","author":"Wang Liang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liang Wang and Jussi Kangasharju. 2013. Measuring large-scale distributed systems: case of bittorrent mainline dht. In IEEE P2P 2013 Proceedings. IEEE, 1-10.","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","first-page":"441","volume-title":"21st USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 24)","author":"Trautwein Dennis","year":"2024","unstructured":"YiluoWei, Dennis Trautwein, Yiannis Psaras, Ignacio Castro, Will Scott, Aravindh Raman, and Gareth Tyson. 2024. The Eternal Tussle: Exploring the Role of Centralization in {IPFS}. In 21st USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 24). 441-454."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2011 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference-GLOBECOM","author":"Liu Nianwang","year":"2011","unstructured":"ZhengWen, Nianwang Liu, Kwan L Yeung, and Zhibin Lei. 2011. Closest playbackpoint first: A new peer selection algorithm for P2P VoD systems. In 2011 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference-GLOBECOM 2011. IEEE, 1-5."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Arweave: A protocol for economically sustainable information permanence. Arweave Yellow Paper 67","author":"Williams Sam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sam Williams, Viktor Diordiiev, Lev Berman, and Ivan Uemlianin. 2019. Arweave: A protocol for economically sustainable information permanence. Arweave Yellow Paper 67 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","unstructured":"Wireshark Foundation. 2025. Wireshark \u2014 Go Deep. https:\/\/www.wireshark.org\/. Accessed: 2025-05-15."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSC.2016.106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2656877.2656887"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP.2007.4375853"}],"event":{"name":"IMC '25:ACM Internet Measurement Conference","location":"Madison WI USA","sponsor":["SIGMETRICS ACM Special Interest Group on Measurement and Evaluation","SIGCOMM ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Internet Measurement Conference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3730567.3764453","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T15:22:53Z","timestamp":1763738573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3730567.3764453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3730567.3764453","10.1145\/3730567"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3730567.3764453","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}