{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T01:14:58Z","timestamp":1785978898737,"version":"3.56.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":63,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"name":"NSF","award":["2402874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2402874"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3731120.3744599","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T13:34:06Z","timestamp":1752845646000},"page":"33-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Towards Fair RAG: On the Impact of Fair Ranking in Retrieval-Augmented Generation"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2807-1623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"To Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2345-1288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"The Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations.","author":"Asai Akari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akari Asai, Zeqiu Wu, Yizhong Wang, Avirup Sil, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2024. Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique through Self-Reflection. In The Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401188"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","first-page":"2650","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 46th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR '23)","author":"Balagopalan Aparna","unstructured":"Aparna Balagopalan, Abigail Z. Jacobs, and Asia J. Biega. 2023. The Role of Relevance in Fair Ranking. In Proceedings of the 46th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR '23). Association for Computing Machinery, 2650-2660."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"EKILA: Synthetic Media Provenance and Attribution for Generative Art. In 2023 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW). IEEE Computer Society, 913-922","author":"Balan K.","unstructured":"K. Balan, S. Agarwal, S. Jenni, A. Parsons, A. Gilbert, and J. Collomosse. 2023. EKILA: Synthetic Media Provenance and Attribution for Generative Art. In 2023 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW). IEEE Computer Society, 913-922."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"The 41st international acm sigir conference on research & development in information retrieval. 405-414.","author":"Biega Asia J","unstructured":"Asia J Biega, Krishna P Gummadi, and Gerhard Weikum. 2018. Equity of attention: Amortizing individual fairness in rankings. In The 41st international acm sigir conference on research & development in information retrieval. 405-414."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Massimiliano Ciaramita, Jacob Eisenstein, Kuzman Ganchev, Jonathan Herzig, et al.","author":"Bohnet Bernd","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bernd Bohnet, Vinh Q Tran, Pat Verga, Roee Aharoni, Daniel Andor, Livio Baldini Soares, Massimiliano Ciaramita, Jacob Eisenstein, Kuzman Ganchev, Jonathan Herzig, et al., 2022. Attributed question answering: Evaluation and modeling for attributed large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.08037 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3336191.3371844"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Fairness in machine learning: A survey. Comput. Surveys","author":"Caton Simon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simon Caton and Christian Haas. 2020. Fairness in machine learning: A survey. Comput. Surveys (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Models","volume":"25","author":"Chung Hyung Won","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hyung Won Chung, Le Hou, Shayne Longpre, Barret Zoph, Yi Tay, William Fedus, Yunxuan Li, Xuezhi Wang, Mostafa Dehghani, Siddhartha Brahma, Albert Webson, Shixiang Shane Gu, Zhuyun Dai, Mirac Suzgun, Xinyun Chen, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Alex Castro-Ros, Marie Pellat, Kevin Robinson, Dasha Valter, Sharan Narang, Gaurav Mishra, Adams Yu, Vincent Zhao, Yanping Huang, Andrew Dai, Hongkun Yu, Slav Petrov, Ed H. Chi, Jeff Dean, Jacob Devlin, Adam Roberts, Denny Zhou, Quoc V. Le, and Jason Wei. 2024. Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Models. Journal of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 25, 70 (2024), 1-53. http:\/\/jmlr.org\/papers\/v25\/23-0870.html","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3626772.3657834"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3340531.3411962"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Maria Soledad Pera, and Henriette Cramer","author":"Ekstrand Michael D.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Michael D. Ekstrand, Lex Beattie, Maria Soledad Pera, and Henriette Cramer. 2024. Not Just Algorithms: Strategically Addressing Consumer Impacts in Information Retrieval. In Advances in Information Retrieval. Springer Nature Switzerland, 314-335."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/9781638280415"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Luis Espinosa Anke, and Steven Schockaert","author":"Es Shahul","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shahul Es, Jithin James, Luis Espinosa Anke, and Steven Schockaert. 2024. RAGAs: Automated Evaluation of Retrieval Augmented Generation. In Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations, Nikolaos Aletras and Orphee De Clercq (Eds.). Association for Computational Linguistics, 150-158."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3477495.3531857"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-long.910"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.398"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1553374.1553423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Statistical theory of extreme values and some practical applications: a series of lectures","author":"Gumbel Emil Julius","unstructured":"Emil Julius Gumbel. 1954. Statistical theory of extreme values and some practical applications: a series of lectures. Vol. 33. US Government Printing Office."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML'20)","author":"Guu Kelvin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kelvin Guu, Kenton Lee, Zora Tung, Panupong Pasupat, and Ming-Wei Chang. 2020. REALM: Retrieval-Augmented Language Model Pre-Training. In Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML'20). JMLR.org, Article 368, 10 pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.acl-long.736"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Foundation Models and Fair Use","volume":"24","author":"Henderson Peter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peter Henderson, Xuechen Li, Dan Jurafsky, Tatsunori Hashimoto, Mark A. Lemley, and Percy Liang. 2023. Foundation Models and Fair Use. Journal of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 24, 400 (2023), 1-79.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3539618.3591687"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.naacl-main.287"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-acl.890"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Unsupervised Dense Information Retrieval with Contrastive Learning. Transactions on Machine Learning Research","author":"Izacard Gautier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gautier Izacard, Mathilde Caron, Lucas Hosseini, Sebastian Riedel, Piotr Bojanowski, Armand Joulin, and Edouard Grave. 2022. Unsupervised Dense Information Retrieval with Contrastive Learning. Transactions on Machine Learning Research (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Atlas: Few-shot learning with retrieval augmented language models","volume":"24","author":"Izacard Gautier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gautier Izacard, Patrick Lewis, Maria Lomeli, Lucas Hosseini, Fabio Petroni, Timo Schick, Jane Dwivedi-Yu, Armand Joulin, Sebastian Riedel, and Edouard Grave. 2023. Atlas: Few-shot learning with retrieval augmented language models. Journal of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 24, 251 (2023), 1-43.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3626772.3657794"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3589334.3648158"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","first-page":"116","volume-title":"NSF workshop on task-based information search systems. SIGIR Forum","volume":"47","author":"Kelly Diane","year":"2013","unstructured":"Diane Kelly, Jaime Arguello, and Robert Capra. 2013. NSF workshop on task-based information search systems. SIGIR Forum, Vol. 47, 2 (2013), 116-127."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations.","author":"Khandelwal Urvashi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Urvashi Khandelwal, Omer Levy, Dan Jurafsky, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Mike Lewis. 2020. Generalization through Memorization: Nearest Neighbor Language Models. In International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Retrieval-Enhanced Machine Learning: Synthesis and Opportunities. arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.12982","author":"Kim To Eun","year":"2024","unstructured":"To Eun Kim, Alireza Salemi, Andrew Drozdov, Fernando Diaz, and Hamed Zamani. 2024. Retrieval-Enhanced Machine Learning: Synthesis and Opportunities. arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.12982 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2020","author":"Lewis Patrick S. H.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patrick S. H. Lewis, Ethan Perez, Aleksandra Piktus, Fabio Petroni, Vladimir Karpukhin, Naman Goyal, Heinrich K\u00fcttler, Mike Lewis, Wen-tau Yih, Tim Rockt\u00e4schel, Sebastian Riedel, and Douwe Kiela. 2020. Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2020, NeurIPS 2020, December 6-12, 2020, virtual, Hugo Larochelle, Marc'Aurelio Ranzato, Raia Hadsell, Maria-Florina Balcan, and Hsuan-Tien Lin (Eds.)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00638"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692","author":"Liu Yinhan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yinhan Liu. 2019. Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692, Vol. 364 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","first-page":"7033","article-title":"A Pathway Towards Responsible AI Generated Content","author":"Lyu Lingjuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lingjuan Lyu, C Chen, and J Fu. 2023. A Pathway Towards Responsible AI Generated Content.. In IJCAI. 7033-7038.","journal-title":"IJCAI."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"The Concrete Distribution: A Continuous Relaxation of Discrete Random Variables. In International Conference on Learning Representations.","author":"Maddison Chris J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chris J. Maddison, Andriy Mnih, and Yee Whye Teh. 2017. The Concrete Distribution: A Continuous Relaxation of Discrete Random Variables. In International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3041021.3054197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1416950.1416952"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Personalization of Generative AI Systems (PERSONALIZE","author":"Neelakanteswara Abhiman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abhiman Neelakanteswara, Shreyas Chaudhari, and Hamed Zamani. 2024. RAGs to Style: Personalizing LLMs with Style Embeddings. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Personalization of Generative AI Systems (PERSONALIZE 2024). 119-123."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3404835.3462830"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3477495.3531842"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2346567"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Comparing fair ranking metrics. arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.01311","author":"Raj Amifa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amifa Raj and Michael D Ekstrand. 2020. Comparing fair ranking metrics. arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.01311 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00486"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Third Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-3). Gaithersburg, MD: NIST, 109-126","author":"Robertson Stephen","unstructured":"Stephen Robertson, S. Walker, S. Jones, M. M. Hancock-Beaulieu, and M. Gatford. 1995. Okapi at TREC-3. In Proceedings of the Third Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-3). Gaithersburg, MD: NIST, 109-126."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"Dongyu Ru Lin Qiu Xiangkun Hu Tianhang Zhang Peng Shi Shuaichen Chang Cheng Jiayang Cunxiang Wang Shichao Sun Huanyu Li Zizhao Zhang Binjie Wang Jiarong Jiang Tong He Zhiguo Wang Pengfei Liu Yue Zhang and Zheng Zhang. 2024. RAGChecker: A Fine-grained Framework for Diagnosing Retrieval-Augmented Generation. In The Thirty-eight Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=J9oefdGUuM"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"ARES: An Automated Evaluation Framework for Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systems. In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference of the North American","author":"Saad-Falcon Jon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jon Saad-Falcon, Omar Khattab, Christopher Potts, and Matei Zaharia. 2024. ARES: An Automated Evaluation Framework for Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systems. In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers), Kevin Duh, Helena Gomez, and Steven Bethard (Eds.). Association for Computational Linguistics, 338-354."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3626772.3657783"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.acl-long.399"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3626772.3657957"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","first-page":"553","volume-title":"Quantifying the Impact of User Attentionon Fair Group Representation in Ranked Lists. In Companion Proceedings of The 2019 World Wide Web Conference (WWW '19)","author":"Sapiezynski Piotr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piotr Sapiezynski, Wesley Zeng, Ronald E Robertson, Alan Mislove, and Christo Wilson. 2019. Quantifying the Impact of User Attentionon Fair Group Representation in Ranked Lists. In Companion Proceedings of The 2019 World Wide Web Conference (WWW '19). Association for Computing Machinery, 553-562."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"The Notion of Relevance in Information Science: Everybody knows what relevance is. But, what is it really?","author":"Saracevic Tefko","unstructured":"Tefko Saracevic. 2016. The Notion of Relevance in Information Science: Everybody knows what relevance is. But, what is it really?, Morgan & Claypool Publishers."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01140"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3219819.3220088"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3454287.3454774"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=6ruVLB727MC","author":"Tay Yi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yi Tay, Mostafa Dehghani, Vinh Q. Tran, Xavier Garcia, Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Hyung Won Chung, Dara Bahri, Tal Schuster, Steven Zheng, Denny Zhou, Neil Houlsby, and Donald Metzler. 2023. UL2: Unifying Language Learning Paradigms. In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=6ruVLB727MC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3085504.3085526"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3626772.3657923"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3477495.3531722"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132847.3132938"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3626772.3657784"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"First Conference on Language Modeling. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=9JY1QLVFPZ","author":"Zhang Yiming","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yiming Zhang, Avi Schwarzschild, Nicholas Carlini, J Zico Kolter, and Daphne Ippolito. 2024a. Forcing Diffuse Distributions out of Language Models. In First Conference on Language Modeling. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=9JY1QLVFPZ"}],"event":{"name":"ICTIR '25: International ACM SIGIR Conference on Innovative Concepts and Theories in Information Retrieval","location":"Padua Italy","acronym":"ICTIR '25","sponsor":["SIGIR ACM Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2025 International ACM SIGIR Conference on Innovative Concepts and Theories in Information Retrieval (ICTIR)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3731120.3744599","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T13:18:19Z","timestamp":1755868699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3731120.3744599"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3731120.3744599","10.1145\/3731120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3731120.3744599","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}