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This article thoroughly analyses the current state-of-the-art methods for detecting and localizing image alteration using classical and deep learning-based algorithms. In addition, this review includes the latest developments in the digital image forensics field, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), while incorporating insights from classical approaches and machine learning models. Furthermore, the most significant data-driven techniques to address the issue of image manipulation detection and localization are presented and segregated into four subtopics: copy-move, splicing, object removal, and contrast enhancement. This study provides an exhaustive and up-to-date survey of the field for researchers and practitioners working in this domain. In addition, it covers the current challenges and future directions in deep learning for image manipulation detection and localization. Finally, this review\u2019s discussion of relevant approaches and experiments will aid future exploration and development in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3731243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T06:12:06Z","timestamp":1745043126000},"page":"1-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Unravelling Digital Forgeries: A Systematic Survey on Image Manipulation Detection and Localization"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7784-1073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"VijayaKumar","family":"Kadha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology Rourkela","place":["Rourkela, India"]},{"name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","place":["Rourkela, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6107-114X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sambit","family":"Bakshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela","place":["Rourkela, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8788-6152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santos Kumar","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela","place":["Rourkela, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3446372"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2020.2993004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2013.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2011.2129512"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2017.233"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2445742"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2394231"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2019.2895466"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2017.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2018.8451698"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/jdcf.2013070103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.3045903"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Information Hiding, IH 2011, Prague, Czech Republic, May 18-20, 2011, Revised Selected Papers 13","author":"Bas Patrick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Patrick Bas, Tom\u00e1\u0161 Filler, and Tom\u00e1\u0161 Pevn\u1ef3. 2011. \u201cBreak our steganographic system\u201d: The ins and outs of organizing BOSS. 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