{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T15:59:45Z","timestamp":1776527985836,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","funder":[{"name":"Cornell Tech\u2019s IRB Protocol","award":["#IRB0147271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#IRB0147271"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["#2423127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2423127"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Hum.-Robot Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            In this work, we analyze video data and interviews from a public deployment of two trash barrel robots in a large public space to better understand the sensemaking activities people perform when they encounter robots in public spaces. Based on an analysis of 274 human\u2013robot interactions and interviews with\n            <jats:italic>N =<\/jats:italic>\n            65 individuals or groups, we discovered that people were responding not only to the robots or their behavior, but also to the general idea of deploying robots as trashcans, and the larger social implications of that idea. They wanted to understand details about the deployment because having that knowledge would change how they interact with the robot. Based on our data and analysis, we have provided implications for design that may be topics for future human\u2013robot design researchers who are exploring robots for public space deployment. Furthermore, our work offers a practical example of analyzing field data to make sense of robots in public spaces.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3731252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T16:10:55Z","timestamp":1744906255000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Making Sense of Robots in Public Spaces: A Study of Trash Barrel Robots"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9953-7347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanjun","family":"Bu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, Cornell University, Cornell Tech, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1987-5344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerstin","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Design and Communication, University of Southern Denmark, Sonderborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3119-611X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Science, Jacobs Technion-Cornell Institute, Cornell Tech, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-022-00894-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"Alex Bozikovic. 2022. The End of Sidewalk Labs. Architectural Record. Retrieved March 2022 from https:\/\/www.architecturalrecord.com\/articles\/15573-the-end-of-sidewalk-labs"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Brown Barry","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barry Brown, Fanjun Bu, Ilan Mandel, and Wendy Ju. 2024. Trash in motion: Emergent interactions with a robotic trashcan. In Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1\u201317."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613905.3651044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"479","volume-title":"International Conference on Social Robotics","author":"Bu Fanjun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fanjun Bu and Wendy Ju. 2024. SSUP-HRI: Social signaling in urban public human-robot interaction dataset. In International Conference on Social Robotics. Springer, 479\u2013487. Retrieved from https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-981-96-3525-2_40"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3568294.3580206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-023-01048-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511620539"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X22000668"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","volume-title":"Designerly Ways of Knowing","author":"Cross Nigel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nigel Cross. 2006. Designerly Ways of Knowing. Springer, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Building Bridges: Interdisciplinary Context-Sensitive Computing","volume":"9","author":"Dix Alan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Alan Dix. 2002. Beyond intention-pushing boundaries with incidental interaction. In Proceedings of the Building Bridges: Interdisciplinary Context-Sensitive Computing, Vol. 9. University of Glasgow, 1\u20136. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.research.lancs.ac.uk\/portal\/en\/publications\/beyond-intention--pushing-boundaries-with-incidental-interaction(4c954c9a-0f00-4820-be4c-c92e41631179)\/export.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"8","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Cognition (AIC \u201922)","author":"Fantasia Valentina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Valentina Fantasia, Ingar Brinck, and Christian Balkenius. 2022. Making sense with social robots: Extending the landscape of investigation in HRI. In Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Cognition (AIC \u201922). CEUR-WS, 8 pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07352166.2022.2081171"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1075\/pbns.270","volume-title":"Designing Speech for a Recipient","author":"Fischer Kerstin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kerstin Fischer. 2016. Designing Speech for a Recipient. John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam. 1\u2013337 pages."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1075\/is.00013.fis","article-title":"In the same boat: The influence of sharing the situational context on a speaker\u2019s (a robot\u2019s) persuasiveness","volume":"22","author":"Fischer Kerstin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kerstin Fischer, Lars Christian Jensen, and Nadine Zitzmann. 2021. In the same boat: The influence of sharing the situational context on a speaker\u2019s (a robot\u2019s) persuasiveness. Interaction Studies. Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems 22, 3 (2021), 488\u2013515.","journal-title":"Interaction Studies. Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 AAAI Spring Symposium Series","author":"Fischer Kerstin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kerstin Fischer, Stephen Yang, Brian Mok, Rohan Maheshwari, David Sirkin, and Wendy Ju. 2015. Initiating interactions and negotiating approach: A robotic trash can in the field. In Proceedings of the 2015 AAAI Spring Symposium Series. Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1228716.1228734"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"93","volume-title":"Robots, Artificial Intelligence, and Service Automation in Travel, Tourism and Hospitality","author":"Gretzel Ulrike","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ulrike Gretzel and Jamie Murphy. 2019. Making sense of robots: Consumer discourse on robots in tourism and hospitality service settings. In Robots, Artificial Intelligence, and Service Automation in Travel, Tourism and Hospitality. S. Ivanov and C. Webster (Eds.), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, 93\u2013104."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.08.1.p023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1145\/3393712.3395341","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays","author":"Hoggenmueller Marius","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marius Hoggenmueller, Jiahao Chen, and Luke Hespanhol. 2020. Emotional expressions of non-humanoid urban robots: The role of contextual aspects on interpretations. In Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays, 87\u201395."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Robots in the wild: A time for more robust theories of human-robot interaction","volume":"7","author":"Jung Malte","year":"2018","unstructured":"Malte Jung and Pamela Hinds. 2018. Robots in the wild: A time for more robust theories of human-robot interaction. Journal of Human-Robot Interaction 7, 1 (2018), 5.","journal-title":"Journal of Human-Robot Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1349822.1349836"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2559636.2559676"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Association of Societies of Design Research Conference (IASDR\u201909)","author":"Lee Min Kyung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Min Kyung Lee and Jodi Forlizzi. 2009. Designing adaptive robotic services. In Proceedings of the International Association of Societies of Design Research Conference (IASDR\u201909). IASDR, 1\u201310."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","first-page":"759","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 14th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)","author":"Lee Wen-Ying","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wen-Ying Lee, Yoyo Tsung-Yu Hou, Cristina Zaga, and Malte Jung. 2019. Design for serendipitous interaction: BubbleBot\u2014Bringing people together with bubbles. In Proceedings of the 2019 14th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). IEEE, 759\u2013760."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3371382.3377429"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th IFIP TC 13 International Conference (INTERACT \u201915)","author":"Lucero Andr\u00e9s","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9s Lucero. 2015. Using affinity diagrams to evaluate interactive prototypes. In Proceedings of the 15th IFIP TC 13 International Conference (INTERACT \u201915). Springer, Bamberg, 231\u2013248."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3434073.3444668"},{"issue":"2023","key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107473","article-title":"Explanations and trust: What happens to trust when a robot partner does something unexpected?","volume":"138","author":"Lyons Joseph B.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Joseph B. Lyons, Izz Aldin Hamdan, and Thy Q. Vo. 2023. Explanations and trust: What happens to trust when a robot partner does something unexpected? Computers in Human Behavior 138, 2023, 107473.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","volume-title":"Sensemaking: What Makes Human Intelligence Essential in the Age of the Algorithm","author":"Madsbjerg C.","year":"2019","unstructured":"C. Madsbjerg. 2019. Sensemaking: What Makes Human Intelligence Essential in the Age of the Algorithm. Little, Brown Book Group Limited, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2559636.2559678"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/pjbr-2021-0002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3610977.3634936"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3575806"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AMC.2006.1631758"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2017.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702181"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2005.1570533","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","author":"Siino Rosanne M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rosanne M. Siino and Pamela J. Hinds. 2005. Robots, gender & sensemaking: Sex segregation\u2019s impact on workers making sense of a mobile autonomous robot. In Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. IEEE, 2773\u20132778."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10508422.2012.732505"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3434073.3444683"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11030145"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2018. Code of Federal Regulations 45 CFR 46 Protection of Human Subjects. 45 CFR 46. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/cgi-bin\/retrieveECFR?gp=&SID=83cd09e1c0f5c6937cd9d7513160fc3f&pitd=20180719&n=pt45.1.46&r=PART&ty=HTML"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1050.0133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mti7050053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2008.4600751"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098020917790","article-title":"Urban robotic experimentation: San Francisco, Tokyo and Dubai","volume":"58","author":"While Aidan H.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aidan H. While, Simon Marvin, and Mateja Kovacic. 2021. Urban robotic experimentation: San Francisco, Tokyo and Dubai. Urban Studies 58, 4 (2021), 769\u2013786.","journal-title":"Urban Studies"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","first-page":"277","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 24th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN)","author":"Yang Stephen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stephen Yang, Brian Ka-Jun Mok, David Sirkin, Hillary Page Ive, Rohan Maheshwari, Kerstin Fischer, and Wendy Ju. 2015. Experiences developing socially acceptable interactions for a robotic trash barrel. In Proceedings of the 2015 24th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, 277\u2013284."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3434074.3446909"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3731252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T16:02:20Z","timestamp":1749657740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3731252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3731252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3731252","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-9522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-9522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}