{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T18:56:28Z","timestamp":1774637788247,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","funder":[{"name":"BK21 FOUR program of the Education and Research Program for Future ICT Pioneers, Seoul National University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we present a holographic display using a light pipe for augmented reality, and the hologram rendering method via bandwidth-preserved kaleidoscopic guiding method. Conventional augmented reality displays typically share optical architectures where the light engine and image combiner are adjacent. Minimizing the size of both components is highly challenging, and most commercial and research prototypes of augmented reality displays are bulky, front-heavy and sight-obstructing. Here, we propose the use of light pipe to decouple and spatially reposition the light engine from the image combiner, enabling a pragmatic glasses-type design. Through total internal reflection, light pipes have an advantage in guiding the full angular bandwidth regardless of its length. By modeling such kaleidoscopic guiding of the wavefront inside the light pipe and applying it to holographic image generation, we successfully separate the light engine from the image combiner, making the front of the device clear and lightweight. We experimentally validate that the proposed light pipe system delivers virtual images with high-quality and 3D depth cues. We further present a method to simulate and compensate for light pipe misalignment, enhancing the robustness and practicality of the proposed system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3731429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]],"date-time":"2025-07-27T04:02:22Z","timestamp":1753588942000},"page":"1-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Light Pipe Holographic Display: Bandwidth-preserved Kaleidoscopic Guiding for AR Glasses"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8693-1700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minseok","family":"Chae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8416-9587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9031-6049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Woo","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9554-4438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoonchan","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","volume-title":"Compact noise-filtering","author":"Bang Kiseung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kiseung Bang, Changwon Jang, and Byoungho Lee. 2019. Compact noise-filtering volume gratings for holographic displays. Optics letters 44, 9 (2019), 2133\u20132136."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","first-page":"446","article-title":"Holography, and the future of 3D display. Light","volume":"2","author":"Blanche Pierre-Alexandre","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pierre-Alexandre Blanche. 2021. Holography, and the future of 3D display. Light: Advanced Manufacturing 2, 4 (2021), 446\u2013459.","journal-title":"Advanced Manufacturing"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Advances in liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) spatial light modulator technology","author":"Bleha William P","year":"2013","unstructured":"William P Bleha Jr and Lijuan Alice Lei. 2013. Advances in liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) spatial light modulator technology. Display Technologies and Applications for Defense, Security, and Avionics VII 8736 (2013), 47\u201354.","journal-title":"Display Technologies and Applications for Defense, Security, and Avionics"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.6.001272"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3592441"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3355089.3356539"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3516428"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3414685.3417846"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.406004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3680528.3687600"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.447871"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"Multi-depth hologram generation using stochastic gradient descent algorithm with complex loss function. Optics express 29, 10","author":"Chen Chun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chun Chen, Byounghyo Lee, Nan-Nan Li, Minseok Chae, Di Wang, Qiong-Hua Wang, and Byoungho Lee. 2021. Multi-depth hologram generation using stochastic gradient descent algorithm with complex loss function. Optics express 29, 10 (2021), 15089\u201315103."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43074-024-00134-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","volume-title":"Speckle-free compact holographic near-eye display using camera-in-the-loop optimization with phase constraint. Optics express 30, 26","author":"Chen Lizhi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lizhi Chen, Runze Zhu, and Hao Zhang. 2022b. Speckle-free compact holographic near-eye display using camera-in-the-loop optimization with phase constraint. Optics express 30, 26 (2022), 46649\u201346665."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.23.003123"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.000431"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3708993"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","volume-title":"DC-free on-axis holographic display using a phase-only spatial light modulator. Optics letters 43, 14","author":"Cho Jaebum","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jaebum Cho, Soobin Kim, Shinwoong Park, Byoungho Lee, and Hwi Kim. 2018. DC-free on-axis holographic display using a phase-only spatial light modulator. Optics letters 43, 14 (2018), 3397\u20133400."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4218\/etrij.2018-0523"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3528233.3530734"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3478513.3480542"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780824741631"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","volume-title":"Method to improve spatial uniformity with lightpipes. Optics letters 33, 11","author":"Fournier Florian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Florian Fournier, William J Cassarly, and Jannick P Rolland. 2008. Method to improve spatial uniformity with lightpipes. Optics letters 33, 11 (2008), 1165\u20131167."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3035549"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","volume-title":"Unfiltered holography: optimizing high diffraction orders without optical filtering for compact holographic displays. Optics letters 46, 23","author":"Gopakumar Manu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manu Gopakumar, Jonghyun Kim, Suyeon Choi, Yifan Peng, and Gordon Wetzstein. 2021. Unfiltered holography: optimizing high diffraction orders without optical filtering for compact holographic displays. Optics letters 46, 23 (2021), 5822\u20135825."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"Full-colour 3D holographic augmented-reality displays with metasurface waveguides. Nature","author":"Gopakumar Manu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Manu Gopakumar, Gun-Yeal Lee, Suyeon Choi, Brian Chao, Yifan Peng, Jonghyun Kim, and Gordon Wetzstein. 2024. Full-colour 3D holographic augmented-reality displays with metasurface waveguides. Nature (2024), 1\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"Progress in virtual reality and augmented reality based on holographic display. Applied optics 58, 5","author":"He Zehao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zehao He, Xiaomeng Sui, Guofan Jin, and Liangcai Cao. 2019. Progress in virtual reality and augmented reality based on holographic display. Applied optics 58, 5 (2019), A74\u2013A81."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.468066"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10043-017-0316-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44032-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3272127.3275069"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.433919"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3658168"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Accommodative holography: improving accommodation response for perceptually realistic holographic displays","volume":"41","author":"Kim Dongyeon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dongyeon Kim, Seung-Woo Nam, Byounghyo Lee, Jong-Mo Seo, and Byoungho Lee. 2022b. Accommodative holography: improving accommodation response for perceptually realistic holographic displays. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 41, 4 (2022), 1\u201315.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3528233.3530739"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.36.000D23"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/3.2559304"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3386569.3392414"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","volume-title":"speckle-free, true 3D holography via binary CGH optimization. Scientific reports 12, 1","author":"Lee Byounghyo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Byounghyo Lee, Dongyeon Kim, Seungjae Lee, Chun Chen, and Byoungho Lee. 2022. High-contrast, speckle-free, true 3D holography via binary CGH optimization. Scientific reports 12, 1 (2022), 2811."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","volume-title":"Wide-angle speckleless DMD holographic display using structured illumination with temporal multiplexing. Optics letters 45, 8","author":"Lee Byounghyo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Byounghyo Lee, Dongheon Yoo, Jinsoo Jeong, Seungjae Lee, Dukho Lee, and Byoungho Lee. 2020. Wide-angle speckleless DMD holographic display using structured illumination with temporal multiplexing. Optics letters 45, 8 (2020), 2148\u20132151."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","volume-title":"Metasurface eyepiece for augmented reality. Nature communications 9, 1","author":"Lee Gun-Yeal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gun-Yeal Lee, Jong-Young Hong, SoonHyoung Hwang, Seokil Moon, Hyeokjung Kang, Sohee Jeon, Hwi Kim, Jun-Ho Jeong, and Byoungho Lee. 2018. Metasurface eyepiece for augmented reality. Nature communications 9, 1 (2018), 1\u201310."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","volume-title":"Zhujun Shi, Cheng-Wei Qiu, Ji-Xin Cheng, and Federico Capasso.","author":"Li Zhaoyi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhaoyi Li, Peng Lin, Yao-Wei Huang, Joon-Suh Park, Wei Ting Chen, Zhujun Shi, Cheng-Wei Qiu, Ji-Xin Cheng, and Federico Capasso. 2021. Meta-optics achieves RGB-achromatic focusing for virtual reality. Science Advances 7, 5 (2021), eabe4458."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","volume-title":"Efficient data transport over multimode light-pipes with megapixel images using differentiable ray tracing and machine-learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.06496","author":"Lim Joowon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Joowon Lim, Jannes Gladrow, Douglas Kelly, Greg O'Shea, Govert Verkes, Ioan Stefanovici, Sebastian Nowozin, and Benn Thomsen. 2023. Efficient data transport over multimode light-pipes with megapixel images using differentiable ray tracing and machine-learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.06496 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.3073624"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","volume-title":"Simple holographic projection in color. Optics express 20, 22","author":"Makowski Michal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Michal Makowski, Izabela Ducin, Karol Kakarenko, Jaroslaw Suszek, Maciej Sypek, and Andrzej Kolodziejczyk. 2012. Simple holographic projection in color. Optics express 20, 22 (2012), 25130\u201325136."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.018453"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-38435-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.462955"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3618395"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.481889"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3355089.3356517"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"Holographic techniques for augmented reality and virtual reality near-eye displays. Light","volume":"3","author":"Park Jae-Hyeung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jae-Hyeung Park and Byoungho Lee. 2022. Holographic techniques for augmented reality and virtual reality near-eye displays. Light: Advanced Manufacturing 3, 1 (2022), 137\u2013150.","journal-title":"Advanced Manufacturing"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3414685.3417802"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.55.7.075103"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","volume-title":"Propagation of partially coherent light through a light pipe. Optics express 21, 14","author":"Roelandt Stijn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stijn Roelandt, Jani Tervo, Youri Meuret, Guy Verschaffelt, and Hugo Thienpont. 2013. Propagation of partially coherent light through a light pipe. Optics express 21, 14 (2013), 17007\u201317019."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","volume-title":"Optical Modelling and Design III","author":"Roelandt Stijn","unstructured":"Stijn Roelandt, Jani Tervo, Youri Meuret, Guy Verschaffelt, and Hugo Thienpont. 2014. The influence of a light pipe on the coherence properties in laser projectors. In Optical Modelling and Design III, Vol. 9131. SPIE, 139\u2013149."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCP56744.2023.10233716"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","volume-title":"Towards real-time photorealistic 3D holography with deep neural networks. Nature 591, 7849","author":"Shi Liang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liang Shi, Beichen Li, Changil Kim, Petr Kellnhofer, and Wojciech Matusik. 2021. Towards real-time photorealistic 3D holography with deep neural networks. Nature 591, 7849 (2021), 234\u2013239."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","volume-title":"Wei Ting Chen, and Federico Capasso","author":"Shi Zhujun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhujun Shi, Wei Ting Chen, and Federico Capasso. 2018. Wide field-of-view waveguide displays enabled by polarization-dependent metagratings. In Digital optics for immersive displays, Vol. 10676. SPIE, 272\u2013277."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bongsu Shin Sunil Kim Vladislav Druzhin Polina Malinina Sergey Dubynin Sergey Afanasyev German Dubinin Sergey Kopenkin Yuriy Borodin Andrey Putilin et al. 2020. Eye-box expansion using waveguide and holographic optical element for augmented reality head-mounted display. In Optical Architectures for Displays and Sensing in Augmented Virtual and Mixed Reality (AR VR MR) Vol. 11310. SPIE 142\u2013147.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2544737"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su151411044"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3314310"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ethan Tseng Grace Kuo Seung-Hwan Baek Nathan Matsuda Andrew Maimone Florian Schiffers Praneeth Chakravarthula Qiang Fu Wolfgang Heidrich Douglas Lanman et al. 2024. Neural \u00e9tendue expander for ultra-wide-angle high-fidelity holographic display. Nature communications 15 1 (2024) 2907.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46915-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-024-01410-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR50242.2020.00057"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29026\/oes.2023.230026"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JDT.2010.2045734"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00851-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.444613"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1109\/JDT.2014.2326175","article-title":"Influence of a light pipe on a linearly polarized light beam and its effect on a laser projector system","volume":"10","author":"Zhao Pengfei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pengfei Zhao, Wenhong Gao, and Xuyuan Chen. 2014. Influence of a light pipe on a linearly polarized light beam and its effect on a laser projector system. Journal of Display Technology 10, 10 (2014), 819\u2013824.","journal-title":"Journal of Display Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.52.005619"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3731429","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:58:07Z","timestamp":1774634287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3731429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3731429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3731429","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}