{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T23:49:41Z","timestamp":1773445781374,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","funder":[{"name":"NATO Science for Peace and Security Programme\u2014MYP G5828"},{"name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)\u2014Center of Excellence for Generative AI","award":["5940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5940"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Cyber-Phys. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are gaining increased popularity in a wide range of domains and applications. As a result, they are also becoming a target of malicious attacks. For example, drone impersonation of military or civilian drones can cause serious security and privacy breaches. There have been some recent contributions that aim to integrate digital certificates as an authentication tool for drones, but such software techniques are often defenseless against physical compromise. In this article, to the best of our knowledge, we are the first to propose a physical layer drone authentication framework to augment existing multifactor authentication schemes leveraging the unintentional Electromagnetic (EM) emissions of the drone\u2019s electronic components. Our solution,\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Drone-Mag<\/jats:italic>\n            , exploits the inherent non-idealities and imperfections present in drones\u2019 electronic integrated circuits that are introduced during their manufacturing process. Those emissions are hard to mimic or replicate, providing a robust basis for drone authentication.\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Drone-Mag<\/jats:italic>\n            is a passive, non-interactive, and privacy-preserving authentication solution and does not require software or hardware modifications to available drones. We test the performance of\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Drone-Mag<\/jats:italic>\n            focusing on the unintentional EM emissions of 23 drones. In particular, we addressed three main tasks: (i) identification of 14 different drones and flight controllers; (ii) authentication of 10 identical (same brand and model) drones; and (iii) rogue drone detection using autoencoders. All the listed tasks achieve a minimum average of 0.97 F1-score, showing the viability and efficiency of the proposed authentication method.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3731565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T16:05:56Z","timestamp":1745251556000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Drone-Mag: UAV Identification and Authentication via Electromagnetic Emissions"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0171-8757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1909-0336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Di Pietro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"Aaronia. 2021. PBS2 EMC Probe. Retrieved February 5 2025 from https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2syhszbw"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"29","volume-title":"International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","author":"Agrawal Dakshi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dakshi Agrawal, Bruce Archambeault, Josyula R. Rao, and Pankaj Rohatgi. 2002. The EM side\u2014channel(s). In International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems. Springer, 29\u201345."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"AirMap and DigiCert. 2016. AirMap DigiCert Introduce First-Ever Digital Identity Certificate for Drones. Retrieved February 5 2025 from https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/AirMapDigiCert"},{"issue":"2019","key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128125","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2934998","article-title":"Survey on collaborative smart drones and internet of things for improving smartness of smart cities","volume":"7","author":"Alsamhi Saeed H.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saeed H. Alsamhi, Ou Ma, Mohammad Samar Ansari, and Faris A. Almalki. 2019. Survey on collaborative smart drones and internet of things for improving smartness of smart cities. IEEE Access 7, 2019 (2019), 128125\u2013128152.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2021.3099114"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2561902"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2931037.2931065"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","first-page":"337","volume-title":"24th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","author":"Chaman Anadi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anadi Chaman, Jiaming Wang, Jiachen Sun, Haitham Hassanieh, and Romit Roy Choudhury. 2018. Ghostbuster: Detecting the presence of hidden eavesdroppers. In 24th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 337\u2013351."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2849324"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3339810"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3564625.3564653"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"IEEE Military Communications Conference","author":"Dubendorfer C. K.","year":"2012","unstructured":"C. K. Dubendorfer, B. W. Ramsey, and M. A. Temple. 2012. An RF-DNA verification process for ZigBee networks. In IEEE Military Communications Conference, 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). 2022. UAS Remote Identification. Retrieved February 5 2025 from https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/uas\/getting_started\/remote_id"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1109\/TEMC.2017.2773706","article-title":"Detection and identification of vehicles based on their spark-free unintended electromagnetic emissions","volume":"60","author":"G\u00f6ksu H\u00fcseyin","year":"2018","unstructured":"H\u00fcseyin G\u00f6ksu, Donald C. Wunsch, Xiaopeng Dong, Ali K\u00f6kce, and Daryl G. Beetner. 2018. Detection and identification of vehicles based on their spark-free unintended electromagnetic emissions. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 60, 5 (2018), 1594\u20131597.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","first-page":"191","volume-title":"2016 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST)","author":"Guo Zimu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zimu Guo, Md Tauhidur Rahman, Mark M. Tehranipoor, and Domenic Forte. 2016. A zero-cost approach to detect recycled SoC chips using embedded SRAM. In 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST). IEEE, 191\u2013196."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12243-020-00796-x","article-title":"Rogue device discrimination in ZigBee networks using wavelet transform and autoencoders","volume":"76","author":"Haji Bagheri Fard Mohammad Amin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohammad Amin Haji Bagheri Fard, Jean-Yves Chouinard, and Bernard Lebel. 2021. Rogue device discrimination in ZigBee networks using wavelet transform and autoencoders. Annals of Telecommunications 76, 1\u20132 (2021), 27\u201342.","journal-title":"Annals of Telecommunications"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3134081"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRS.2023.3322607"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DAC18072.2020.9218514"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-57349-1","volume-title":"Physical Layer Security in Power Line Communications: Fundamentals, Models and Applications","author":"Hernandez Fernandez Javier","year":"2024","unstructured":"Javier Hernandez Fernandez, Aymen Omri, and Roberto Di Pietro. 2024. Physical Layer Security in Power Line Communications: Fundamentals, Models and Applications. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3558482.3590198"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","first-page":"167","volume-title":"European Symposium on Research in Computer Security","author":"Ibrahim Omar Adel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Omar Adel Ibrahim and Roberto Di Pietro. 2024. MAG-JAM: Jamming detection via magnetic emissions. In European Symposium on Research in Computer Security. Springer, 167\u2013186."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","volume-title":"EAI 18th International Conference on Security and Privacy in Communication Systems (SecureComm)","author":"Ibrahim Omar Adel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Omar Adel Ibrahim, Savio Sciancalepore, and Roberto Di Pietro. 2022. MAG-PUF: Magnetic physical unclonable functions for device authentication in the IoT. In EAI 18th International Conference on Security and Privacy in Communication Systems (SecureComm). Springer."},{"issue":"2022","key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2022.03.041","article-title":"Noise2Weight: On detecting payload weight from drones acoustic emissions","volume":"134","author":"Ibrahim Omar Adel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Omar Adel Ibrahim, Savio Sciancalepore, and Roberto Di Pietro. 2022. Noise2Weight: On detecting payload weight from drones acoustic emissions. Future Generation Computer Systems 134, 2022 (2022), 319\u2013333.","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"issue":"2024","key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2024.103905","article-title":"MAG-PUFs: Authenticating IoT devices via electromagnetic physical unclonable functions and deep learning","volume":"143","author":"Ibrahim Omar Adel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Omar Adel Ibrahim, Savio Sciancalepore, and Roberto Di Pietro. 2024. MAG-PUFs: Authenticating IoT devices via electromagnetic physical unclonable functions and deep learning. Computers & Security 143, 2024 (2024), 103905.","journal-title":"Computers & Security"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3422308","article-title":"MAGNETO: Fingerprinting USB flash drives via unintentional magnetic emissions","volume":"20","author":"Ibrahim Omar Adel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Omar Adel Ibrahim, Savio Sciancalepore, Gabriele Oligeri, and Roberto Di Pietro. 2021. MAGNETO: Fingerprinting USB flash drives via unintentional magnetic emissions. ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS) 20, 1 (2021), 1\u201326.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","volume-title":"Classical Electrodynamics","author":"John David Jackson","year":"2021","unstructured":"John David Jackson. 2021. Classical Electrodynamics. John Wiley & Sons."},{"issue":"2022","key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109455","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on radio frequency (RF) fingerprinting: Traditional approaches, deep learning, and open challenges","volume":"219","author":"Jagannath Anu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anu Jagannath, Jithin Jagannath, and Prem Sagar Pattanshetty Vasanth Kumar. 2022. A comprehensive survey on radio frequency (RF) fingerprinting: Traditional approaches, deep learning, and open challenges. Computer Networks 219, 2022 (2022), 109455.","journal-title":"Computer Networks"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3495158"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","first-page":"1150","article-title":"IDEA: Intrusion detection through electromagnetic-signal analysis for critical embedded and cyber-physical systems","volume":"18","author":"Adnan Khan Haider","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haider Adnan Khan, Nader Sehatbakhsh, Luong Ngoc Nguyen, Robert Locke Callan, Arie Yeredor, Milos Prvulovic, and Alenka Zajic. 2019. IDEA: Intrusion detection through electromagnetic-signal analysis for critical embedded and cyber-physical systems. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 18, 3 (2019), 1150\u20131163.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","volume":"5","author":"Kolamunna Harini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harini Kolamunna, Thilini Dahanayaka, Junye Li, Suranga Seneviratne, Kanchana Thilakaratne, Albert Y. Zomaya, and Aruna Seneviratne. 2021. Droneprint: Acoustic signatures for open-set drone detection and identification with online data. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, 1 (2021), 1\u201331."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2899015.2899029"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","volume":"6","author":"Li Zhengxiong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhengxiong Li, Baicheng Chen, Xingyu Chen, Chenhan Xu, Yuyang Chen, Feng Lin, Changzhi Li, Karthik Dantu, Kui Ren, and Wenyao Xu. 2022. Reliable digital forensics in the air: Exploring an RF-based drone identification system. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 6, 2 (2022), 1\u201325."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","volume":"6","author":"Liu Ziwei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ziwei Liu, Feng Lin, Chao Wang, Yijie Shen, Zhongjie Ba, Li Lu, Wenyao Xu, and Kui Ren. 2023. CamRadar: Hidden camera detection leveraging amplitude-modulated sensor images embedded in electromagnetic emanations. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 6, 4 (2023), 1\u201325."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5079","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3224611","article-title":"D2D-MAP: A drone to drone authentication protocol using physical unclonable functions","volume":"72","author":"Lounis Karim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karim Lounis, Steven H. H. Ding, and Mohammad Zulkernine. 2022. D2D-MAP: A drone to drone authentication protocol using physical unclonable functions. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 72, 4 (2022), 5079\u20135093.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2014.6855586","volume-title":"2014 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (HOST)","author":"Maes Roel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roel Maes and Vincent Van Der Leest. 2014. Countering the effects of silicon aging on SRAM PUFs. In 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (HOST). IEEE, 148\u2013153."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","first-page":"4383","volume-title":"USENIX Security Symposium","author":"Maia Henrique Teles","year":"2022","unstructured":"Henrique Teles Maia, Chang Xiao, Dingzeyu Li, Eitan GrinspunChangxi Zheng. 2022. Can one hear the shape of a neural network? Snooping the GPU via magnetic side channel. In USENIX Security Symposium, 4383\u20134400."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1109\/TEMC.2019.2903232","article-title":"Classification of electronic devices and software processes via unintentional electronic emissions with neural decoding algorithms","volume":"62","author":"Mariano Laura J.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laura J. Mariano, Alexander Aubuchon, Troy Lau, Onur Ozdemir, Tomo Lazovich, and John Coakley. 2019. Classification of electronic devices and software processes via unintentional electronic emissions with neural decoding algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 62, 2 (2019), 470\u2013477.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1145\/3079856.3080223","volume-title":"44th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture","author":"Nazari Alireza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alireza Nazari, Nader Sehatbakhsh, Monjur Alam, Alenka Zajic, and Milos Prvulovic. 2017. Eddie: Em-based detection of deviations in program execution. In 44th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, 333\u2013346."},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2018.0020","article-title":"Review of radar classification and RCS characterisation techniques for small UAVs or drones","volume":"12","author":"Patel Jarez S.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jarez S. Patel, Francesco Fioranelli, and David Anderson. 2018. Review of radar classification and RCS characterisation techniques for small UAVs or drones. IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation 12, 9 (2018), 911\u2013919.","journal-title":"IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3548606.3560698"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1145\/3325421.3329768","volume-title":"5th Workshop on Micro Aerial Vehicle Networks, Systems, and Applications","author":"Ramesh Soundarya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Soundarya Ramesh, Thomas Pathier, and Jun Han. 2019. Sounduav: Towards delivery drone authentication via acoustic noise fingerprinting. In 5th Workshop on Micro Aerial Vehicle Networks, Systems, and Applications, 27\u201332."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","volume":"2","author":"Ruiz Carlos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carlos Ruiz, Shijia Pan, Adeola Bannis, Xinlei Chen, Carlee Joe-Wong, Hae Young Noh, and Pei Zhang. 2018. Idrone: Robust drone identification through motion actuation feedback. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 2, 2 (2018), 1\u201322."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.115928"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2019.107044"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","unstructured":"Securityweek. 2018. 23 000 Digital Certificates Revoked in DigiCert-Trustico Spat. Retrieved February 5 2025 from https:\/\/www.securityweek.com\/23000-digital-certificates-revoked-digicert-trustico-spat\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2018 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST)","author":"Sehatbakhsh Nader","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nader Sehatbakhsh, Monjur Alam, Alireza Nazari, Alenka Zajic, and Milos Prvulovic. 2018. Syndrome: Spectral analysis for anomaly detection on medical iot and embedded devices. In 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST). IEEE, 1\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1145\/3352460.3358261","volume-title":"52nd Annual IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture","author":"Sehatbakhsh Nader","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nader Sehatbakhsh, Alireza Nazari, Haider Khan, Alenka Zajic, and Milos Prvulovic. 2019. Emma: Hardware\/software attestation framework for embedded systems using electromagnetic signals. In 52nd Annual IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture, 983\u2013995."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2016 49th Annual IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO)","author":"Sehatbakhsh Nader","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nader Sehatbakhsh, Alireza Nazari, Alenka Zajic, and Milos Prvulovic. 2016. Spectral profiling: Observer-effect-free profiling by monitoring EM emanations. In 2016 49th Annual IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO). IEEE, 1\u201311."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2018 22nd International Computer Science and Engineering Conference (ICSEC)","author":"Siriphun Nappaphol","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nappaphol Siriphun, Shigeru Kashihara, Doudou Fall, and Assadarat Khurat. 2018. Distinguishing drone types based on acoustic wave by IoT device. In 2018 22nd International Computer Science and Engineering Conference (ICSEC). IEEE, 1\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3042128"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3177751","article-title":"Gyrosfinger: Fingerprinting drones for location tracking based on the outputs of mems gyroscopes","volume":"21","author":"Son Yunmok","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yunmok Son, Juhwan Noh, Jaeyeong Choi, and Yongdae Kim. 2018. Gyrosfinger: Fingerprinting drones for location tracking based on the outputs of mems gyroscopes. ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security 21, 2 (2018), 1\u201325.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJESDF.2008.020946"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2942944"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3485832.3485834"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","first-page":"453","volume-title":"4th IEEE International Conference on Robotic Computing (IRC). IEEE","author":"Utebayeva Dana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dana Utebayeva, Akhan Almagambetov, Manal Alduraibi, and Yelmurat Temirgaliyev, Lyazzat Ilipbayeva, and Sungat Marxuly. 2020. Multi-label UAV sound classification using stacked bidirectional LSTM. In 4th IEEE International Conference on Robotic Computing (IRC). IEEE, 453\u2013458."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15462-2_12","volume-title":"17th International Conference on Smart Card Research and Advanced Applications (CARDIS \u201918)","author":"Vasile Sebastian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sebastian Vasile, David Oswald, and Tom Chothia. 2019. Breaking all the things\u2014A systematic survey of firmware extraction techniques for IoT devices. In 17th International Conference on Smart Card Research and Advanced Applications (CARDIS \u201918). Springer, 171\u2013185."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tifs.2011.2160170"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","unstructured":"B. Wright. 2014. PLC Hardware Discrimination using RF-DNA Fingerprinting. Technical Report. Air Force Institute of Technology Wright-Patterson."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3570361.3613283"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3042188"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","first-page":"2862","volume-title":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP \u201920). IEEE","author":"Yilmaz Baki Berkay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baki Berkay Yilmaz, Elvan Mert Ugurlu, Alenka Zaji\u0107, and Milos Prvulovic. 2020. Cell-phone classification: A convolutional neural network approach exploiting electromagnetic emanations. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP \u201920). IEEE, 2862\u20132866."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3188769"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3731565","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T19:03:14Z","timestamp":1750186994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3731565"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3731565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3731565","relation":{},"ISSN":["2378-962X","2378-9638"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2378-962X","type":"print"},{"value":"2378-9638","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}