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Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Designing a freeform surface to reflect or refract light to achieve a target distribution is a challenging inverse problem. In this article, we propose an end-to-end optimization strategy for an optical surface mesh. Our formulation leverages a novel differentiable rendering model, and is directly driven by the difference between the resulting light distribution and the target distribution. We also enforce geometric constraints related to fabrication requirements, to facilitate CNC milling and polishing of the designed surface. To address the issue of local minima, we formulate a face-based optimal transport problem between the current mesh and the target distribution, which makes effective large changes to the surface shape. 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